Executive Summary

This work synthesizes insights from the PLEDGE research project, examining how emotions, grievances, and resentment fuel dissatisfaction with democratic governance and contribute to phenomena like nostalgia, populism, and polarization. Drawing from disciplines such as politics, sociology, and philosophy, it explores the social and political roles of emotions, particularly ressentiment, and the need for mattering. The second section discusses how emotions shape political dynamics in a neoliberal context, while the third section reviews public discontent with democracy, emphasizing declining political trust and rising cynicism toward institutions. The fourth section focuses on populism and affective polarization, exploring how populist rhetoric deepens societal divides and examining the root causes and potential solutions for affective polarization.

Emotional narratives increasingly influence political engagement, as structural inequalities and disillusionment with political institutions contribute to a widening gap between citizens and decision-makers. This “depoliticization” fosters alienation, polarization, and even radicalism, as neoliberal values fragment social unity and encourage binary, polarized thinking that nurtures right-wing populism and affective polarization. The reviewed literature highlights the critical role of emotions—such as anger, resentment, and ressentiment—in influencing political behavior, particularly in relation to populism, polarization, and distrust toward democratic institutions. These emotions also contribute to a broader grievance politics, which combines structural issues with individuals' perceptions and sense of belonging, challenging the sustainability of democratic governance.

To address affective polarization, a range of interventions are suggested, including correcting misperceptions, fostering intergroup contact, perspective-taking on social media, and preemptive “prebunking” strategies to counter misinformation. These efforts can mitigate partisan animosity and encourage empathy across divides. The work also underscores the importance of public spaces and localized policies that support community building, inclusive urban development, and meaningful citizenship engagement. Embracing diversity and fostering connection through ‘third spaces’ like community centers and youth hubs can provide marginalized individuals with a sense of belonging. More research is needed on whether these spaces can facilitate shared experiences and address grievances within democratic frameworks. In conclusion, bridging universal democratic principles with localized, inclusive approaches may be crucial to addressing the challenges posed by neoliberal governance and fostering cohesive, resilient democracies.