The task associated with this report aims to provide sustainable decarbonisation pathways, including biodiversity, materials, and biophysical limits, as well as place climate action as a cross-cutting theme across the sustainability spectrum. It aligns climate action and sustainable development by assessing integrated co-benefits of climate-neutral pathways and policies targeting different SDGs. IAM-driven pathways have limited coverage of SDGs and are mostly focused on climate action, energy efficiency, industry, and infrastructure, while other environmental and social dimensions are rarely assessed. Thus, we analyse the capabilities of each IAM COMPACT model to represent SDGs, creating a suitable quantitative framework that facilitates their evaluation. We emphasise synergistic effects among SDGs, by detecting barriers to and co-benefits of specific goals, assessing model weaknesses and potential improvements to fill gaps and reinforce modelling capacity, and providing feedback on measures targeting multiple SDGs.

We then focus on models’ capacity to analyse energy, land, and material resources, biophysical limits, aspects of global biodiversity conservation, and nature restoration. By developing a set of biodiversity indicators, a policy package is created to affect the indicators and produce scenarios that are simulated with the goal of gaining a deeper understanding of biodiversity, material resources, and biophysical limits.

Finally, we synthesise the previous sections and develop a multi-level integration of IAMs and uncertainty analysis with quantified implications for multiple SDGs. We draw from relevant SDG indicators extracted from IAMs, a novel multi-objective optimisation process, and stochastic multicriteria acceptability analysis.