EU project SponGES
Published September 21, 2020 | Version v1
Preprint Open

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is essential to balance the metabolic demands of North-Atlantic deep-sea sponges

Creators

  • 1. Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
  • 2. Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Den Burg, Netherlands
  • 3. Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO), Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada; Faculty of Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
  • 4. Department of Marine Animal Ecology, University of Wageningen, Wageningen, Netherlands
  • 5. Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO), Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada
  • 6. GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel, Germany
  • 7. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

Description

ABSTRACT

Sponges are ubiquitous components of various deep-sea habitats, including cold water coral reefs and deep-sea sponge grounds. Despite being surrounded by oligotrophic waters, these ecosystems are known to be hotspots of biodiversity and carbon cycling. To assess the role of sponges in the carbon cycling of deep-sea ecosystems, we studied the energy budgets of six dominant deep-sea sponges (the hexactinellid species Vazella pourtalesi, and demosponge species Geodia barretti, Geodia atlantica, Craniella zetlandica, Hymedesmia paupertas and Acantheurypon spinispinosum) in an ex situ aquarium setup. Additionally, we determined morphological metrics for all species (volume, dry weight (DW), wet weight (WW), carbon (C) content, and ash-free dry weight (AFDW)) and provide species-specific conversion factors. Oxygen (O2) removal rates averaged 3.3 ± 2.8 µmol O2 DWsponge h−1 (all values mean ± SD), live particulate (bacterial and phytoplankton) organic carbon (LPOC) removal rates averaged 0.30 ± 0.39 µmol C DWsponge h−1 and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal rates averaged 18.70 ± 25.02 µmol C DWsponge h−1. Carbon mass balances were calculated for four species (V. pourtalesi, G. barretti, G. atlantica and H. paupertas) and revealed that the sponges acquired 1.3–6.6 times the amount of carbon needed to sustain their minimal respiratory demands. These results indicate that irrespective of taxonomic class, growth form, and abundance of microbial symbionts, DOC is responsible for over 90 % of the total net organic carbon removal of deep-sea sponges and allows them to sustain in otherwise food-limited environments on the ocean floor.

Notes

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank all our collaborators at the EU Horizon 2020 SponGES project; Dr. Ellen Kenchington at the Bedford Institute of Oceanography (BIO), Nova Scotia, Canada, and the Department of Biological Sciences at the University of Bergen, Norway, for the use of facilities and equipment. Many thanks to the ROV crews of both the ÆGIR 6000 in Norway and the Deep Sea Systems International Oceaneering in Canadian waters, for their careful collection of the sponges. DFO provided the ship time on the CCGS Hudson for the collection of the Vazella pourtalesi samples and we thank Dr. Ellen Kenchington for collecting the samples at sea under less than ideal conditions. We further thank Dr. L. Woodall, NEKTON, for providing the ROV for the collection of the V. pourtalesi. Thanks to Erik Wurz for his help maintaining the onboard aquaria. We also thank Jorien Schoorl and Rutger van Hall for their technical assistance at the University of Amsterdam, Niklas Kornder and Dr. Emiel van Loon for their advice on the statistical analysis, Heikki Savolainen for his technical support at the University of Bergen, Dr. Alice Ortmann (BIO), Anna Noordeloos (NIOZ) and Santiago Gonzalez (NIOZ) for their help with the flow cytometry analysis, and Jon Roa at GEOMAR for the analysis of the DOC samples. This project has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (SponGES grant agreement n° 679849 and ERC starting grant agreement n° 715513 to J.M. de Goeij). Additionally, this project has received funding from the KNAW Academy Ecology fund in 2017 and 2018 (personal grant to M.C. Bart). Salary for Gabrielle Tompkins was funded through the Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) International Governance Strategy internal funding awarded to Dr. Ellen Kenchington (DFO, BIO). This document reflects only the authors' views and the Executive Agency for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (EASME) is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains.

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Additional details

Related works

Is derived from
Journal article: https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/lno.11652 (URL)
Is supplement to
Other: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.21.305086v1.supplementary-material (URL)
Is supplemented by
Figure: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.21.305086v1.supplementary-material (URL)

Funding

SponGES – Deep-sea Sponge Grounds Ecosystems of the North Atlantic: an integrated approach towards their preservation and sustainable exploitation 679849
European Commission
SPONGE ENGINE – Fast and efficient sponge engines drive and modulate the food web of reef ecosystems 715513
European Commission