Physics-based model of a lithium-ion battery cell in Modelica

Electrochemical models of lithium-ion battery cells, such as thevariants of the pseudo two-dimensional model proposed byDoyle, Fuller and Newman, find applications in cell design, diag-nosis, and advanced model-based control, as these models allowto reproduce, over a wide range of experimental conditions, thecurrent–voltage characteristics and the internal state of the cell.An implementation of this model and the most commonlyemployed analysis techniques, including current pulse trains, con-stant-current constant-voltage cycles, electrochemical impedancespectroscopy (EIS), and dynamic EIS, are presented. These modelsare organized into a novel Modelica library named LiIonCellP2D,whose structure is discussed. A published model, developed byother authors, of a commercial lithium-ion cell manufactured byKokam is used to illustrate the features of LiIonCellP2D, and thesimulation results are compared with those obtained using theDandeLiion online simulator. LiIonCellP2D was developed andtested using Dymola version 2024x.