Systematic review of validated instruments for measuring research misconduct and questionable research practices

The purpose of this systematic review is to identify, and quality assess validated instruments used in the literature to measure aspects of research misconduct and/or questionable research practices (QRP).
One of the most common methods used to quantify aspects of research misconduct or QRP in a defined population of researchers or research students is the survey. These surveys may measure diverse properties such as the incidence of research misconduct or QRP, attitudes towards research misconduct or QRP, or knowledge about guidelines.
In order to measure any of these properties accurately it is important to use well-validated questions and instruments. Using already validated instruments will also enable better comparisons between different studies and will make any future use of data in meta-analysis more straightforward. As an example, incidence rates for self-reported research misconduct can only be directly compared if the questions that respondents have answered are phrased in an identical manner. It is therefore important for researchers in the field to identify validated instruments they can use in their surveys.