Levels of Participation in Research and Innovation

Building on the theoretical and visualization work done by Arnstein (1969), Metcalfe (2014), and Kaisler & Missbach (2019), among others, this graph shows the different intensities of participation in research and innovation, and the level of empowerment they provide participants with. 

Inspirations include:

• Arnstein, S.R., 1969. A Ladder Of Citizen Participation. J. Am. Inst. Plann. 35, pp. 216–224.
• Metcalfe, J., 2014. The theory needed to support science communication practice.
• Kaisler, R., Missbach, B., 2019. PATIENT AND PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT AND ENGAGEMENT IN RESEARCH - A "HOW TO" GUIDE FOR RESEARCHERS. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5017791
• Berditchevskaia, A., Peach, K., and Malliaraki, E. (2021). Participatory AI for humanitarian innovation: a briefing paper. London: Nesta.

This graph was developed in the context of the H2020 project PRO-Ethics.