Controlled Optimal Black Start Procedures in Smart Grids for Service Restoration in Presence of Electrical Storage Systems

This paper presents an optimisation problem to determine the optimal reclosure order of remotely operable switches deployed in a smart grid consisting in a distribution network equipped with one or more Energy Storage Systems (ESS). The proposed solution integrates nonlinear real and reactive power flow equations, by reconducting them to a set of conic constraints, together with several network operator requirements, such as network radiality and ampacity limits. A numerical simulation validates the approach and concludes the work.