The Pakistan Journal of Economic Studies (PJES) is a double-blind peer-reviewed research journal that aims to add to the understanding of the workings of developing economies, with a particular emphasis on South Asia. PJES accepts original theoretical and empirical research contributions in economics (all areas) and related fields for publication. The Journal aims to stimulate dialogue between academics and policymakers with open access globally. Accordingly, articles should be presented in a form where technical considerations come together with explanations and intuition. Subject areas include financial markets, international trade and finance, monetary economics and banking, labour economics, development economics, political economy, education, health, public finance and emerging fields of economics.