(excluding African Birandra gabonica (Thomson, 1858), B. capicola (Thomson, 1860), and B. morettoi (Adlbauer, 2004)).

1. Procoxal cavities closed behind.................................................................................................... 2

— Procoxal cavities opened behind.................................................................................................. 5

2(1). Paronychium absent.................................................................................................................... 3

— Paronychium present.................................................................................................................. 4

3(2). Elytra with short and distinct hair. Africa intertropical, Madagascar and Vietnam (introduced)...................................................................................................... Stenandra Lameere, 1912

— Elytra glabrous. Canada, United States, England (introduced), Germany (introduced)........................................................................................................................ Neandra Lameere, 1912

4(2). Galea short, reaching only apex of first segment of maxillary palp; dorsal sensorial area of antennomere XI present and divided by carina. Asia (Iran, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan)............................................................................................................... Archandra Lameere, 1912

— Galea long, reaching or surpassing middle of second segment of maxillary palp; dorsal sensorial area of antennomere XI absent, carina lacking. America (between latitude 42 oN and 40 oS, including West Indies), England (introduced)............................... Parandra Latreille, 1802

5(1). Mandible without small tooth at apex of latero-outer face or vaguely indicated (Fig. 75, 76).... 6

— Mandible with distinct small tooth at apex of latero-outer face (Fig. 77-117)............................ 7

6(5). Galea (Fig. 199) short; apex of prosternal process enlarged; procoxal cavities slightly opened behind. Hawaiian Islands........... Hawaiiandra Santos-Silva, Heffern and Matsuda, gen. nov.

— Galea (Fig. 202) long; apex of prosternal process narrow; procoxal cavities clearly opened behind. Australia........................... Storeyandra Santos-Silva, Heffern and Matsuda, gen. nov.

7(5). Latero-outer face of mandibles with tooth near middle (Fig. 77-79); inner face with strong and successive transverse keels (Fig. 361). Indonesia (Sulawesi?, Halmahera and Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea..................... Malukandra Santos-Silva, Heffern and Matsuda, gen. nov.

— Latero-outer face of mandibles without tooth near middle (Fig. 75, 76, 80-117); inner face smooth.................................................................................................................................................. 8

8(7). Presence of deep depression in “V” on dorsal face of head (Fig. 370, 372, 373, 375); dorsal carina of mandibles (mainly in males), short, strongly oblique in relation to the longitudinal axis, and fused at apex to the more basal tooth of the inner margin (Fig. 130, 132). New Caledonia............................................ Caledonandra Santos-Silva, Heffern and Matsuda, gen. nov.

— Depression in “V” on dorsal face of head absent (Fig. 410, 412); dorsal carina of mandibles not strongly oblique in relation to the longitudinal axis, and not reaching the inner margin (Fig. 144, 156)................................................................................................................................... 9

9(8). Mandibles (Fig. 120) tumid at latero-outer face. South America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, French Guiana).................................................................... Acutandra Santos-Silva, 2002

— Mandibles (Fig. 134, 141) not tumid at latero-outer face.......................................................... 10

10(9). Mandibles of male (Fig. 136, 118) with largest width of latero-outer face equal to, at most, 1/3 of length; in female equal to, at most, half the length............................................................... 11

— Mandibles of male (Fig. 148, 158) with largest width of latero-outer face clearly larger than 1/3 of length; in female larger than the half the length.................................................................. 12

11(10). Dorsal surface of head with gibbosities between eyes; mandibles of male (Fig. 134, 136) relatively narrow at base in dorsal view (width from less than half the length to slightly larger than half), except in M. bougainvillensis (Fig. 138). Fiji Is. (Viti Levu; Vanau Levu, Ovalau), Solomon Is. (Santa Ana and Santa Isabel Islands), Papua New Guinea (Bougainville Island).......................................................... Melanesiandra Santos-Silva, Heffern and Matsuda, gen. nov.

— Dorsal surface of head without gibbosities between eyes (sometimes, indicated in female); mandibles of male (Fig. 118) distinctly wide at base in dorsal view (width distinctly greater than half of length). Mexico and West Indies to 20 oS latitude.................... Birandra Santos-Silva, 2002

12(10). Margins of latero-basal third of prothorax slightly convergent; veins MP 3 and MP 4 (Fig. 210) not fused at apices. Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea (New Guinea Island and Normamby Island), Australia (Norfolk Island)......................................................................................................................................... Papuandra Santos-Silva, Heffern and Matsuda, gen. nov.

— Margins of latero-basal third of prothorax clearly convergent; veins MP 3 and MP 4 (Fig. 211) fused at apices. Japan (Ryukyu Islands), Taiwan, Philippines, Malaysia (Borneo), Indonesia (Borneo, Sulawesi, Java, Moluccas, Irian Jaya, Sumatra, Lombok, Ambon), Papua New Guinea................................................... Komiyandra Santos-Silva, Heffern and Matsuda, gen. nov.