THE TWOSPOTTED SPIDER MITE'S BIOLOGY AND LIFE TABLE CHARACTERISTICS AS THEY RELATE TO APPLE CULTIVARTHE URTICA TETRANYCHUS

Tetranychus urticae Koch is a significant global pest that harms various plants, including fruit trees, vegetables, and flowers. Acaricides are often used to manage T. urticae in apple orchards, but the presence of resistant populations limits the consequences. The short life cycle, strong reproductive capacity, and haplo-diploid parthenogenesis make T. urticae a relatively high risk of developing pesticide resistance. The shelf life of acaricides is getting shorter, and monitoring local population resistance is crucial for efficient management. Aerial dispersal is a crucial factor in population dynamics, and the method of dissemination depends on the environment. Aerial dispersal in field populations is sped up by deteriorating environmental conditions, increased predator density, and the use of an acaricide. Migration rates and mean dispersal distances related to both aerial and crawling processes may change over time.