Supporting Data for " Impacts of the North Atlantic Biases on the Upper Troposphere/Lower Stratosphere over the Extratropical North Pacific"

This repository contains the supporting data (in the NetCDF format) for the following paper:

Joshi, R. and Zhang, R., 2023, Impacts of the North Atlantic Biases on the Upper Troposphere/Lower Stratosphere over the Extratropical North Pacific, npj Clim Atmos Sci. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-023-00482-4 

In this study, Robust Diagnostic Calculations (RDC) are conducted in a fully coupled high-resolution climate model to correct the North Atlantic ocean circulation and associated temperature biases present in the model. The same fully coupled high-resolution climate model is used to generate a present-day control simulation without correcting North Atlantic ocean circulation biases for comparison. The long-term mean difference between the control and RDC experiments (Control minus RDC) is used to assess the influence of the North Atlantic biases on winter upper troposphere/lower stratosphere vertical motion and temperature changes over the extratropical North Pacific.

Descriptions of data files:

1. Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and ocean current at 120 m depth from control and RDC experiment as shown in Fig. 1a,d.

RDC_SST_current_120m.nc

Control_SST_current_120m.nc

2. Ocean temperature and current at 2500 m depth from RDC and control experiment as shown in Fig. 1b,e.

RDC_temp_current_2500m.nc

Control_temp_current_2500m.nc

3. Meridional ocean velocity in the North Atlantic at section 45^oN from RDC and control experiment as shown in Fig. 1c,f.

RDC_v45N.nc

Control_v45N.nc

4. Difference of wintertime (JFM) mean near-surface (2-m) air temperature, meridional eddy heat flux at 925hPa, 95th percentile large-scale extreme precipitation, and total precipitation between the control and RDC experiments, as shown in Fig. 2.

t2m_diff.nc

VT_diff.nc

precip95_diff.nc

precip_diff.nc

5.  Difference of wintertime (JFM) mean geopotential height, temperature, and winds between the control and RDC experiments at different pressure levels, as shown in Fig. 3,4.

hght_diff_spatial.nc

temp_diff_spatial.nc

ucomp_diff_spatial.nc 

vcomp_diff_spatial.nc 

6.  Two-sided student t-test at a 5% significance level for the statistical testing of wintertime mean geopotential height difference between the control and RDC experiments shown in Fig. 3. The file is a mask with values ‘1’ and ‘0’ where ‘0’ represents the region not significant at 5% significance level.

hght_ttest_spatial.nc

7.  Two-sided student t-test at a 5% significance level for the statistical testing of wintertime mean air temperature difference between the control and RDC experiments shown in Fig. 4. The file is a mask with values ‘1’ and ‘0’ where ‘0’ represents the region not significant at 5% significance level.

temp_ttest_spatial.nc

8.  Zonally averaged difference of winter (JFM) zonal wind, geopotential height, and air temperature between the control and RDC experiments over the extratropical North Pacific, as shown in Fig. 5.

ucomp_diff_lonavg.nc

temp_diff_lonavg.nc

hght_diff_lonavg.nc

9.  Two-sided student t-test at a 5% significance level for the statistical testing of wintertime zonally averaged mean air temperature difference between the control and RDC experiments over extratropical North Pacific shown in Fig. 5a. The file is a mask with values ‘1’ and ‘0’ where ‘0’ represents the region not significant at 5% significance level.

temp_ttest_lonavg.nc

10.  Two-sided student t-test at a 5% significance level for the statistical testing of wintertime zonally averaged mean zonal wind difference between the control and RDC experiments over extratropical North Pacific shown in Fig. 5b. The file is a mask with values ‘1’ and ‘0’ where ‘0’ represents the region not significant at 5% significance level.

ucomp_ttest_lonavg.nc

11.  Difference of winter (JFM) mean vertical velocity in pressure coordinates between the control and RDC experiments, as shown in Fig. 6.

omega_diff_spatial.nc

12.  Two-sided student t-test at a 5% significance level for the statistical testing of wintertime mean vertical velocity difference between the control and RDC experiments shown in Fig. 6. The file is a mask with values ‘1’ and ‘0’ where ‘0’ represents the region not significant at 5% significance level.

omega_ttest_spatial.nc

13.  Contribution of the mean zonal flow advection of the temperature change to the horizontal advection as shown in Fig. 7a

horizontal_advection_contribution.nc

14.  Contribution of the vertical advection of mean potential temperature by the change in omega to the adiabatic heating as shown in Fig. 7b

adiabatic_heating_contribution.nc

15.  Two-sided student t-test at a 5% significance level for the statistical testing of differences in Fig. 7a and Fig. 7b. The file is a mask with values ‘1’ and ‘0’ where ‘0’ represents the region not significant at a 5% significance level.

horizontal_advection_contribution_ttest.nc

adiabatic_heating_contribution_ttest.nc

16.  Meridionally averaged difference of winter (JFM) geopotential height and air temperature between the control and RDC experiments over the extratropical North Pacific, as shown in Fig. 9b.

hght_diff_latavg.nc

temp_diff_latavg.nc

17.  Two-sided student t-test at 5% significance level for the statistical testing of wintertime meridionally averaged mean air temperature difference between the control and RDC experiments over extratropical North Pacific in Fig. 9b. The file is a mask with values ‘1’ and ‘0’ where ‘0’ represents the region not significant at 5% significance level.

temp_ttest_latavg.nc

Acknowledgments

We acknowledge using the following data sets and model codes in this study. The World Ocean Atlas 2013 (WOA13) data were downloaded from the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (formerly the National Oceanographic Data) https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/OC5/woa13/woa13.pl. The CSIRO ATLAS of REGIONAL SEAS 2009 version (CARS2009) data (http://www.marine.csiro.au/~dunn/cars2009/) were developed and provided by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Marine and Atmospheric Research and downloaded from http://www.marine.csiro.au/atlas/. The Japanese Ocean Flux Data set with Use of Remote Sensing Observations (J-OFURO3 V168) is for the period 1988-2013 and can be downloaded from https://www.j-ofuro.com/en/dataset. The code of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) coupled climate model version 2.5 (CM2.5) is publicly available at https://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/cm2-5-and-flor-quickstart/. The relevant citations for the above datasets and model code are listed in Joshi and Zhang 2023.