Costanana DeLong & Freytag 1972

Genus Costanana DeLong & Freytag, 1972

Type species

Costanana dunda DeLong & Freytag, 1972a: 229.

Diagnosis

Small to medium-sized leafhoppers (Figs 11–13) 5.0 to 9.1 mm in length. Head (Figs 1A, 7A, 25A), in dorsal view, usually slightly produced anteriorly, median length of crown slightly less than or as long as half interocular width; crown surface transversely striated; in lateral view (Figs 2C, 6C), crown-face transition distinct, thin or moderately thick, and transversely carinated. Forewing (Figs 11–13) costal margin with yellow (sometimes green in life) macula on basal third and with depigmented (white) macula on apical third (absent in a few species); appendix well developed. Male sternite VIII (Fig. 1E) long, usually triangular, fully hiding subgenital plates. Male pygofer (Fig. 1G) commonly without process. Subgenital plate (Fig. 1H) frequently tapered to weakly sclerotized apex and bearing long filiform setae. Aedeagus (Fig. 1L) without apodemal processes. Female with first and second valvulae of ovipositor (Fig. 3D, F) narrow, not broadened medially. Second valvula (Fig. 3F) with dorsal protuberance reduced; dorsal margin (Fig. 3G) with small denticles restricted to apical portion.

COLORATION. Dorsum usually dark brown (Figs 11A, E, 12A, C, E, G, 13A, E) or less frequently reddish-brown (Figs 11G, 13C) or yellowish-brown (Fig. 11C), contrasting with venter light yellow (Fig. 11B). Head and pronotum (Fig. 11A, C) frequently with small black maculae. Proepimeron (Fig. 1C) light yellow without maculae. Forewing costal margin with broad (Fig. 11C) or narrow (Fig. 11A, E, G) yellow (sometimes green in life) macula on basal third and with large (Fig. 12A, C) or small (Fig. 11A, E) depigmented (white) macula on apical third, which in a few species is absent (Figs 11G, 13C). Legs (Fig. 11B, D, F, H) yellow.

STRUCTURE. Head in dorsal view (Fig. 1A): usually slightly produced anteriorly, median length of crown slightly less than half interocular width; crown surface with fine parallel transverse striations (Fig. 25A); anterior margin broadly rounded and usually parallel to anterior margin of pronotum; transocular width of head narrower than humeral width of pronotum; ocelli closer to anterior than posterior margin of crown and equidistant between median line and eyes, or rarely closer to midline; in frontal view (Fig. 2B), frons longer than wide, flat, not excavated below anterior margin of crown and without striations, texture shagreen; frontogenal suture distant from eye margins by half width of clypeus, not surpassing antennal ledge; antennal ledge carinated, obliquely downwards in relation to frons and extending over frons by short distance; gena with ventrolateral margins slightly convex at midlength and weakly excavated near eye; maxillary plate produced ventrally as far as clypeus apex; epistomal suture indistinct medially; clypeus not inflated, ca 1.5× as long as wide, lateral margins approximately parallel, apex emarginated; in lateral view (Figs 2C, 6C), crown-face transition thin or moderately thick and transversely carinated. Pronotum in dorsal view (Fig. 1A): transverse striated except near anterior margin; lateral margins convergent anterad; in lateral view (Fig. 1C), moderately declivous; head and pronotum in continuous slope. Scutellum (Fig. 1C) not inflated. Forewing (Fig. 1A) without extra crossveins; venation distinct; inner discal cell frequently very short (Figs 1D, 6D, 9D) or open, m-cu 2 crossvein absent (Figs 2D, 7D, 8D); five apical cells (R1 vein present); appendix well developed, wider than maximum width of inner apical cell, and involving first and second apical cells. Profemur AD, AM, and PD rows reduced and poorly defined, with exception of apical setae AD 1, AM 1 and PD 1, respectively. Protibia more or less cylindrical, with a longitudinal carina adjacent to PD row; AV row formed by long setae, gradually increasing in thickness and length towards apex; AD formed by many small undifferentiated setae. Hind leg femoral setal formula 2:2:1. Metatibia AD row without intercalary setae between macrosetae; PV row with setae of apical half formed by sequence of 1 thicker and 3–4 thinner setae, ending with a long and thick seta. Metatarsomere I with inner row of plantar surface developed, but formed by small (not cuculate) setae, median row absent or with minute setae; apex with platellae flanked by 2 tapered lateral setae on inner and 1 on external corner. Metatarsomere II with platellae flanked by 2 tapered lateral setae on inner and 1 on external corner.

MALE TERMINALIA. Male sternite VIII (Fig. 1E) long, fully hiding subgenital plates in repose, frequently triangular. Male pygofer (Fig. 1G) commonly without apical process (present in C. dunda and C. xenomorpha sp. nov.). Subgenital plate (Fig. 1H) frequently tapered to apex, weakly sclerotized distally and bearing long filiform setae. Aedeagus (Fig. 4L) without apodemal processes.

FEMALE TERMINALIA. First and second valvulae of ovipositor (Fig. 3D, F) not broadened medially. First valvula (Fig. 3D) with ventral interlocking device long, extending on basal two-thirds or more. Second valvula (Fig. 3F) with dorsal protuberance reduced; dorsal margin (Fig. 3G) with small denticles restricted to apical portion.

Distribution

North America (México), Central America (Jamaica and Panama) and South America (Argentina, Brazil, Colombia and Peru).

Remarks

Costanana is one of the genera of Gyponini having the crown surface transversely striated, the crown-face transition defined, the male sternite VIII well produced posterad, hiding the subgenital plates in repose, and the aedeagus without apodemal processes, as in Acuthana, Domahovana, and Metacostana gen. nov. Among these genera, the coloration of the dorsum being brownish with forewings having yellow or depigmented (white) maculae along the costal margin easily separate Costanana from all the genera except for Metacostana. In this case, Costanana can be differentiated by the metatibia AD row being without intercalary setae between the macrosetae, the pygofer without apical processes, the aedeagus without apodemal processes, and the different shape of the female ovipositor. Species of Polana (Angusana) DeLong & Freytag, 1972 are similar in coloration to those of Costanana, but can be differentiated by the crown-face transition being rounded in profile, the aedeagus with apodemal processes, and the female second valvulae with the apical portion triangular in cross-section.

Species of Costanana

C. alata sp. nov. Brazil (Minas Gerais).

C. apicata DeLong & Wolda, 1983: 467. Panama.

C. bifida sp. nov. Brazil (Paraná).

C. cifi sp. nov. Brazil (Paraná).

C. circumaga DeLong & Wolda, 1983: 466. Panama.

C. dunda DeLong & Freytag, 1972a: 229. Mexico.

C. flavina DeLong & Freytag, 1972b: 496. Argentina; Brazil (Santa Catarina, Paraná [new record], Rio Grande do Sul [new record]); Colombia?; Panama?

C. helvacosta DeLong & Freytag, 1972b: 496. Colombia.

C. luzi sp. nov. Brazil (Distrito Federal).

C. nana (Fowler, 1903): 315 (Gypona). Mexico.

C. nupera (Van Duzee, 1907): 61 comb. nov. (Gypona). Jamaica.

C. obtusa sp. nov. Brazil (Bahia, Paraná).

C. piraquarensis sp. nov. Brazil (Paraná).

C. praecellens (Stål, 1862): 47 (Gypona). Brazil (Paraná [new record], Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina).

C. rubromarginata sp. nov. Brazil (Mato Grosso).

C. santana DeLong & Wolda, 1983: 466. Brazil (Pará, Pernambuco [new record]).

C. xenomorpha sp. nov. Peru.