6G Traceable Spatial Messaging in Resident Domains--A Cell-Free MIMO UDNs for Hybrid BilSTM & GRU RNN Enabled Architectural Reference Model
Creators
- 1. IEEE Consultant & Council Member Artificial Intelligence and Nano Technologies
Description
In the era of 6G, a game-changing approach will redefine the communications and networks depending on the required services. A large volume of geo-tagged data can be fundamental to providing applications of location based services (LBSs). One of the important LBS applications is to provide continuous spatial keyword queries. A continuous spatial keyword query monitors a designated region with a set of keywords. In the designated region, if mobile objects contain all the keywords of the query, they are the answer set for the query. The query continuously monitors the spatial region and reports its up-to-date query result. In order to support new requirements and services, mature technologies are needed to embed such as, Artificial intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML).
There are several algorithms for text classification, ranging from ML to Deep Learning (DL). Since the advent of the high-end computational facility (HiPC), numerical crunching has become much easier with lesser computational time. This has paved way for evolution of Complicated Network Architecture (CAN) which can be trained to achieve
Higher Accuracy, Precision and Recall (HiAP&R). A cumulative performance of HiAP&R proportionately affects the F1 score based on which the performance of the Neural Network (NN) model can be assessed. The present work attempts to explore the proposed neural network, Hybrid RNN model with two BiLSTM layers and two GRU layer
and compare the performance with other hybrid models. We exposed our results for Unsupervised Learning (UL) includes Hierarchical Clustering (HC), Partitioned Clustering (PC), Association Rule Mining (ARM), and Dimensionality Reduction (DR). Supervised Learning (SL) is comparatively explored to cover decision tree, K-nearest neighbouring, and Support Vector Machine (SVM). 6G use cases, requirements, and key enabling techniques are discussed in Reinforcement Learning (RL), both Model-Based Approaches (MBA) and Model-Free Approaches (MFA) are investigated. Deep learning is improvised to tailor 6G communication Social Media Data Volume (SMDV) from a perceptron to neural networks, convolutional neural networks, and recurrent neural networks. The GloVE dataset is employed to train the models, and their performance is evaluated by accuracy, precision, recall and F1-score. The performance of the proposed models is compared with other models by using
F1 score. We expect that our results are useful for researchers and technicians seeking an optimal, sub-optimal, or trade-off solution for each B5G communications and 6G networks problem using AI techniques. E.g., 6G use case proposed here AI with GRU and RCNN trade-offs makes communications and networks design and management smarter and safer. Key question is not about whether but when and how to implement AI in 6G communication systems.
Files
Elsevier - Architectural Reference Model (ARM) in 6G Cell-Free MIMO UDNs for Traceable Spatial Messaging in Resident Domains.pdf
Files
(1.4 MB)
Name | Size | Download all |
---|---|---|
md5:491f16b7e02a9cdbbbe9320985db1137
|
1.4 MB | Preview Download |
Additional details
Related works
- Is cited by
- https://www.doi-i.org/journals/view/276 (URL)
References
- 1. H. Kim, Design and Optimization for 5G Wireless Communications (Wiley, 2020). ISBN 9781119494553 2. H. Kim, Y.H. Jiang, R. Rana, Communication algorithms via deep learning. https://arxiv.org/abs/1805.09317 (2022) 3. https://www.ericsson.com/en/reports-and-papers/mobility report/dataforecasts/mobile-traffic-forecast (last visited Jan 30, 2022) 4. Naeem Zafar Azeemi ,"Customer-in-Loop Adaptive SC Migration - Enabling IoT" Generis Publishing, 2021, 978-1-63902-169-7" 5. Elnagar, A., Al-Debsi, R., & Einea, O. (2020). Arabic text classification using deep learning models. Information Processing & Management, 57(1), 10 2121. 6. Minaee, S., Kalchbrenner, N., Cambria, E., Nikzad, N., Chenaghlu, M., & Gao, J. (2021). Deep Learning--based Text Classification: A Comprehensive Review. ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), 54(3), 1-40. 7. N. Z. Azeemi, N. U. Saquib, E. Ahmed, "On-Chip Laser Probe Fabrication for Trace and Cross Triggered Scanning (T&CTS) in Optical Microscopy," in Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, Vol. 99, No. 04. pp. 797-811, Feb 28th, 2021, (e-ISSN 1817-3195, p- ISSN 1992-8645) 8. N. Z. Azeemi, "Cooperative Trajectory and Launch Power Optimization of UAV Deployed in Cross-Platform Battlefields," International Association of Engineers, Engineering Letters, Volume 29, Issue 1, pp. 57-68, May 2021, ISSN: 1816-093X, 1816-0948 9. Naeem Z. Azeemi, " Enabling Lab-on-Chip: Laser Actuated Non-Invasive Smart Instrumentation", International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information (IJASEIT), Vol 11, Issue 5, October 2021, ISSN 2460-6952, pp. 1746-1755 https://doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.11.5.11741 10. Naeem Z. Azeemi, "Leakage Resilient Laser Sensor for Self Calibrated Interferometry using Orthogonal Nano-Fabrication", IEEE 21st International Conference on Nanotechnology (NANO), July 28-30, 2021. Montréal, Canada, pp. 48-51. 11. Naeem Z. Azeemi, " Performance Trade-Offs in IoT Enabled Drone Swarm for Amphibious Landing Operations", IEEE Internet of Things Journal, Vol 8, Issue 12, June 2021, ISSN 2327-4662, pp. 1031-1045. 12. R.M. AlZoman, M.J.F. Alenazi, A comparative study of traffic classification techniques for smart city networks. Sensors 21, 4677 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/s21144677 13. S. Wang, C. Li, A. Lim, Why Are the ARIMA and SARIMA not Sufficient (2021). https://arxiv.org/abs/1904.07632v3 14. Sunagar, P., Kanavalli, A., Poornima, V., Hemanth, V. M., Sreeram, K., & Shivakumar, K. S. (2021). Classification of Covid-19 Tweets Using Deep Learning Techniques. In Inventive Systems and Control (pp. 123-136). Springer, Singapore. 15. E. Björnson, J. Hoydis, L. Sanguinetti, Massive MIMO Networks: Spectral, Energy, and Hardware Efficiency. https://doi.org/10.1561/2000000093 16. Naeem Z. Azeemi, Umar Adeel, "Spaced Log-Periodic Elements of Hemispherical Intelligent Design for 6G Networks ", Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal (JESTECH), Vol 36, Issue 1, November 2022, ISSN (Printed): 1302-0056, ISSN (Online):2215-0986, eISSN(1308-2043):pp.75-82, DOI: https://10.5281/zenodo7447429 17. Gong, J., Teng, Z., Teng, Q., Zhang, H., Du, L., Chen, S., & Ma, H. (2020). Hierarchical graph transformer-based deep learning model for large-scale multi-label text classification. IEEE Access, 8, 30885-30896. 18. H. Kim, Design and Optimization for 5G Wireless Communications (Wiley, 2020), ISBN:9781119494553 19. J. Shi,W.Wang, X. Yi, X. Gao, G.Y. Li, Robust precoding in massive MIMO: a deep learning approach. arXiv:2005.13134 (2020) 20. N. Z. Azeemi, G. Al-Utaibi, O. Al-Basheer, "Customer-in-Loop Adaptive Supply Chain Migration Model to Enable IoT", International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering, ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-9 Issue-6, pp. 1755-1762, April 2020. 21. N. Z. Azeemi, O. Al-Basheer, G. Al-Utaibi, "Zero Down Time—Smart Data Guard for Collaborative Enterprise Dataware Systems," Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, Aug-Sep 2020, 31st August 2020. Vol 98. No16, pp. 3282-3293. (e-ISSN 1817-3195, p- ISSN 1992-8645) 22. N. Z. Azeemi, Z. Hayat, G. Al-Utaibi, O. Al-Basheer, "Hybrid Data Protection Framework to Enhance A2O Functionality in Production Database Virtualization", International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering, Volume-8 Issue-6, pp. 5691-5697, Mar. 2020. 23. Sunagar, P., Kanavalli, A., Nayak, S. S., Mahan, S. R., Prasad, S., & Prasad, S. (2021). News Topic Classification Using Machine Learning Techniques. In International Conference on Communication, Computing and Electronics Systems: Proceedings of ICCCES 2020 (Vol. 733, p. 461). Springer Nature. 24. 3GPP TS 36.104, Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Base Station (BS) radio transmission and reception, in The 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network 25. H. P. Tauqir, A. Habib, Deep learning based beam allocation in switched-beam multiuser massive MIMO systems, in 2019 Second International Conference on Latest trends in Electrical Engineering and Computing Technologies (INTELLECT) (2019) pp. 1–5 26. H. Tang, J. Wang, L. He, Off-grid sparse Bayesian learning based channel estimation for mm Wave massive MIMO uplink. IEEE Wireless Commun. Lett. 8(1), 45–48 (2019) 27. Joshi, R., Goel, P., & Joshi, R. (2019, December). Deep learning for hindi text classification: A comparison. In International Conference on Intelligent Human Computer Interaction (pp. 94-101). Springer, Cham. 28. Kowsari, K., Jafari Meimandi, K., Heidarysafa, M., Mendu, S., Barnes, L., & Brown, D. (2019). Text classification algorithms: A survey. Information, 10(4), 150. 29. Liu, G., & Guo, J. (2019). Bidirectional LSTM with attention mechanism and convolutional layer for text classification. Neuro computing, 337, 325-338. 30. O. Shental, J. Hoydis, Machine Learning: Learning to softly demodulate, in IEEE Globecom Workshops 2019, HI, USA (2019), pp. 1–7 31. Y.Wang, S. Member,M. Liu,Data-driven deep learning for automatic modulation. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 68(4), 4074–4077 (2019) 32. Yao, L., Mao, C., & Luo, Y. (2019, July). Graph convolutional networks for text classification. In Proceedings of the AAAI conference on artificial intelligence (Vol. 33, No. 01, pp. 7370-7377). 33. H. He, C.-K. Wen, S. Jin, G.Y. Li, Deep learning-based channel estimation for beam space mm Wave massive MIMO systems. IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett. 7(5), 852–855 (2018) 34. R. Boutaba, M.A. Salahuddin, N. Limam, S. Ayoubi, N. Shahriar, F. Estrada-Solano, O.M.Caicedo, A comprehensive survey on machine learning for networking: evolution, applications and research opportunities. J Internet Serv. Appl. 9, 16 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13174-018-0087-2 35. R.J. Hyndman, G. Athanasopoulos, Forecasting: Principles and Practice, 2nd edn (Texts: Melbourne, Australia, 2018), OTexts.com/fpp2 36. S. Rajendran, W. Meert, D. Giustiniano, V. Lenders, S. Pollin, Deep learning models for wireless signal classification with distributed low cost spectrum sensors. IEEE Trans. Cognitive Commun. Netw. 4(3), 433–445 (2018) 37. T. J. O'Shea, T. Roy, T.C. Clancy, Over-the-air deep learning based radio signal classification. IEEE J. Sel. Topics Signal Process. 12(1), 168–179 (2018) 38. 3GPP TR 38.901, Study on channel model for frequencies from 0.5 to 100 GHz in The 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network 25. 39. https://www.erlang.com/calculator/ 40. Kowsari, K., Brown, D. E., Heidarysafa, M., Meimandi, K. J., Gerber, M. S., & Barnes, L. E. (2017, December). Hdltex: Hierarchical deep learning for text classification. In 2017 16th IEEE international conference on machine learning and applications (ICMLA) (pp. 364-371). IEEE. 41. M.T. Vega, D.C. Mocanu, A. Liotta, Unsupervised deep learning for real-time assessment of video streaming services. Multim. Tools Appl. 76, 22303–22327 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-017-4831-6 42. S. Peng, H. Jiang, H. Wang, H. Alwageed, Y. Yao, Modulation classification using convolutional neural network based deep learning model, in Proceedings of 26th Wireless and Optical Communication Conference (WOCC 2017), Newark, NJ, USA, Apr. 2017, pp. 1–5 43. T, Gruber, S. Cammerer, J. Hoydis, "On deep learning-based channel decoding, in The 51st Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems" (2017), pp. 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/CISS.2017.7926071 44. Charrada, A. Samet, Joint interpolation for LTE downlink channel estimation in very high mobility environments with support vector machine regression. IET Communication. 10(17), 2435–2444 (2016) 45. E. Nachmani, Y. Be'ery, D. Burshtein, Learning to decode linear codes using deep learning, in 54th Annual Allerton Conference on Communication, Control, and Computing (2016), pp. 341–346. https://doi.org/10.1109/ALLERTON.2016.7852251 46. L. He, C. Xu, Y. Luo, vTC: machine learning based traffic classification as a virtual network function, in Proceedings of the 2016 ACM International Workshop on Security in Software Defined Networks & Network Function Virtualization. ACM, pp. 53–56, 2016 47. P. Poupart et al., Online flow size prediction for improved network routing, in 2016 IEEE 24th International Conference on Network Protocols (ICNP), pp. 1–6, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICNP.2016.7785324 48. T. Bakhshi,B.Ghita,On Internet traffic classification: a two-phasedmachine learning approach. J. Comput. Netw. Commun. 2016, 21p, Article ID 2048302 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/2048302 49. Y. Li, H. Liu,W. Yang, D. Hu,W. Xu, Inter-data-center network traffic prediction with elephant flows, in NOMS 2016—2016 IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium, 2016, pp. 206–213. https://doi.org/10.1109/NOMS.2016.7502814 50. G.E.P. Box, G.M. Jenkins, G.C. Reinsel, G.M. Ljung, Time Series Analysis: Forecasting and Control, 5th edn. (Wiley, 2015). ISBN: 978-1-118-67502-1 51. H. Kim, Wireless Communications Systems Design (Wiley, 2015), ISBN: 978-1-118-61015-2 52. Lai, S., Xu, L., Liu, K., & Zhao, J. (2015, February). Recurrent convolutional neural networks for text classification. In Twenty-ninth AAAI conference on artificial intelligence. 53. Cho, K., Van Merriënboer, B., Gulcehre, C., Bahdanau, D., Bougares, F., Schwenk, H., & Bengio, Y. (2014). Learning phrase representations using RNN encoder-decoder for statistical machine translation. arXiv preprint arXiv:1406.1078. 54. Chung, J., Gulcehre, C., Cho, K., & Bengio, Y. (2014). Empirical evaluation of gated recurrent neural networks on sequence modeling. arXiv preprint arXiv:1412.3555. 55. Pennington, J., Socher, R., & Manning, C. D. (2014, October). Glove: Global vectors for word representation. In Proceedings of the 2014 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing (EMNLP) (pp. 1532-1543). 56. Pascanu, R., Mikolov, T., & Bengio, Y. (2013, May). On the difficulty of training recurrent neural networks. In International conference on machine learning (pp. 1310-1318). PMLR. 57. Y. Zhu, G. Zhang, J. Qiu, Network traffic prediction based on particle swarm bp neural network. J. netw. 8(11) (2013), ISSN 1796-2056 58. Aggarwal, C. C., & Zhai, C. (2012). A survey of text classification algorithms. In Mining text data (pp. 163-222). Springer, Boston, MA. 59. H. Zhao, N.Ansari, Wavelet transform-based network traffic prediction: a fast on-line approach. J. Comput. Inf. Technol. 20(1) (2012) 60. M.S. Mushtaq, B. Augustin, A. Mellouk, Empirical study based on machine learning approach to assess the QoS/QoE correlation, in 2012 17th European Conference on Networks and Optical Communications, pp. 1–7, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1109/NOC.2012.6249939 61. N. Palleit, T. Weber, Time prediction of non-flat fading channels, in Proceedings of IEEE ICASSP, May 2011, pp. 2752–2755 62. P. Bermolen, M. Mellia, M. Meo, D. Rossi, S. Valenti, Abacus: Accurate behavioral classification of P2P-tv traffic. Comput. Netw. 55(6), 1394–1411 (2011) 63. T.L. Marzetta, Non-cooperative cellular wireless with unlimited numbers of base station antennas. IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun. 9(11), 3590–3600 (2010) 64. V.H. MacDonald, The cellular concept. Bell Syst. Tech. J. 58(1), 15–42 (1979) 27. J.F.C. Kingman, The first Erlang century and the next. Queueing Syst. 63, 3 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11134-009-9147-4 65. M. Cord, P. Cunningham (eds), Machine Learning Techniques for Multimedia: Case Studies on Organization and Retrieval (Springer, 2008). ISBN 978–3–540–75171–7 66. N. Z. Azeemi; A. Hameed; I. Ali; T. Rasool, "Ultra Wide Band Radar Based Tamper-Resistant Clinical Asset Tracking System (ATS)", 2008 Cairo International Biomedical Engineering Conference Year: 2008 Pages: 1 - 4, https://doi.org/10.1109/CIBEC.2008.4786102 67. A.I. Moustapha, R.R. Selmic, Wireless sensor network modeling using modified recurrent neural networks: application to fault detection, in 2007 IEEE International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control, pp. 313–318, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICNSC.2007 68. G. Gan, C. Ma, J. Wu, Data Clustering: Theory, Algorithms, and Applications (Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, ASA-SIAM Series on Statistics and Applied Mathematics, 2007) 69. A. Eswaradass, X.H. Sun, M. Wu, Network bandwidth predictor (nbp): A system for online network performance forecasting, in Proceedings of 6th IEEE International Symposium on Cluster Computing and the Grid (CCGRID) (2006) 70. J. Ma, K. Levchenko, C. Kreibich, S. Savage, G.M. Voelker, Unexpected means of protocol inference, in Proceedings of the 6th ACM SIGCOMM Conference on Internet Measurement, pp. 313–326. (2006). https://doi.org/10.1145/1177080.1177123 71. J. Sun, S. Chan, K. Ko, G. Chen,M. Zukerman, Neuron pid: a robust aqm scheme, in Proceedings of the Australian Telecommunication Networks and Applications Conference (ATNAC) 2006, pp. 259–262, 2006 72. N. Z. Azeemi, "Compiler Directed Battery-Aware Implementation of Mobile Applications", 2006 International Conference on Emerging Technologies, Year: 2006 Pages: 251 - 256, https://doi.org/10.1109/ICET.2006.335979 73. Naeem Zafar Azeemi, "Exploiting Parallelism for Energy Efficient Source Code High Performance Computing", 2006 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology, Year: 2006 Pages: 2741 - 2746, https://doi.10.1109/ICIT.2006.372685 74. Naeem Zafar Azeemi, "Handling Architecture-Application Dynamic Behavior in Set-top Box Applications", 2006 International Conference on Information and Automation, Year: 2006 Pages: 195 - 200, https://doi.org/10.1109/ICINFA.2006.374111 75. Naeem Zafar Azeemi, "Multicriteria Energy Efficient Source Code Compilation for Dependable Embedded Applications", 2006 Innovations in Information Technology Year: 2006, Pages: 1 - 5, https://doi.org/10.1109/INNOVATIONS.2006.301963 76. P. Cortez, M. Rio, M. Rocha, P. Sousa, Internet traffic forecasting using neural networks, in Proceedings of IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN). pp. 2635–2642, 2006 77. S. Rao, Operational fault detection in cellular wireless base-stations. IEEE Trans. Netw. Serv. Manage. 3(2), 1–11 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSM.2006.4798311 78. A.W. Moore, K. Papagiannaki, Toward the accurate identification of network applications, in Proceedings PAM'05, pp. 41–54, 2005 79. ETSI Standard EN 302 307 V1.1.1: Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB), Second Generation Framing Structure, Channel Coding and Modulation Systems For Broadcasting, Interactive Services, News Gathering and other Broadband Satellite Applications (DVB-S2) (European Telecommunications Standards Institute, Valbonne, France, 2005–03) 80. P.-N. Tan, M. Steinbach, V. Kumar, Introduction to Data Mining. Pearson, Inc., 2005. ISBN-13: 978–0321321367 81. T. Karagiannis, K. Papagiannaki, M. Faloutsos, BLINC: multilevel traffic classification in the dark. ACM SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev. 35(4), 229–240 (2005). https://doi.org/10. 145/1090191.1080119 82. M. Chen, A.X. Zheng, J. Lloyd, M.I. Jordan, E. Brewer, Failure diagnosis using decision trees, in International Conference on Autonomic Computing, 2004, pp. 36–43, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICAC.2004.1301345 83. J. Kleinberg, "An impossibility theorem for clustering," The 15th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS'02) (MIT Press, 2002), pp. 463–470 84. T. S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall, 2002, ISBN: 0-13-042232-0. 85. X.Wang, X. Shan, A wavelet-based method to predict Internet traffic, in International Conference on Communications, Circuits and Systems and West Sino Expositions, pp. 690–694, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCCAS.2002.1180710 86. Y. Gao, G. He, J.C. Hou, On exploiting traffic predictability in active queue management, in Proceedings of Twenty-First Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies, vol. 3. pp. 1630–1639, 2002 87. S. ATTALLAH, "The wavelet transform-domain LMS algorithm: A more practical approach", IEEE Transaction on Circuits and Systems–Analog and Digital Signal Processing, vol. 47, No. 3 March, 2000. 88. A.K. Nandi, E.E. Azzouz, Algorithms for automatic modulation recognition of communication signals. IEEE Trans. Commun. 46(4), 431–436 (1998) 89. Hochreiter, S., & Schmidhuber, J. (1997). Long short-term memory. Neural computation, 9(8), 1735-1780. 90. S. Kumar, R. Miikkulainen, Dual reinforcement Q-routing: an on-line adaptive routing algorithm, in Proceedings Artificial Neural Networks in Engineering Conference, pp. 231–238, 1997 91. D.J.C. MacKay, R.M.Neal,Near Shannon limit performance of lowdensity parity check codes. Electron. Lett. 32, 1645–1646 (1996) 92. Graps, An introduction to wavelets. IEEE Comput. Sci. Eng. 2(2), 50–61 (1995) 93. K.V. Mardia, J.T. Kent, J.M. Bibby, Multivariate Analysis (Academic Press, Probability and Mathematical Statistics, 1995) 94. J.A. Boyan, M.L. Littman, Packet routing in dynamically changing networks: a reinforcement learning approach. Adv. Neural inf. Process. Syst. pp. 671–678 (1994) 95. R. Agrawal, R. Srikant, "Fast algorithms for mining association rules in large databases," In Proc. of the 20th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases (Santiago, Chile, 1994), pp. 487–499 96. E.S. Yu, C.Y.R. Chen, Traffic prediction using neural networks, in Proceedings of GLOBECOM'93. IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, 1993, vol 2, pp. 991–995. https://doi.org/10.1109/GLOCOM.1993.318226 97. R. Agrawal, T. Imieli´nski, A. Swami, "Mining association rules between sets of items in large databases". Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Management of Data (SIGMOD '93), (1993) 98. R. A. Maxion, Anomaly detection for diagnosis, in Digest of Papers. Fault-Tolerant Computing: 20th International Symposium, pp. 20–27, 1990. https://doi.org/10.1109/FTCS.1990.89362 99. S.P. Lloyd, Least squares quantization in PCM. IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 28, 129–137 (1982) 100. R.G. Gallager, Low-Density Parity-Check Codes (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1963) 101. R.G. Brown, Statistical Forecasting for Inventory Control (McGraw/Hill, 1959) 102. C.E. Holt, Forecasting Seasonals and Trends by Exponentially Weighted Averages (O.N.R. Memorandum No. 52) (Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh USA, 1957)