The potential of bioactive substances at the level of nanotechnology

Technologies based on the principle of biological process on lower forms of life are one of the target means for adapting the process to climate changes and environmental stress. Knowledge about microorganisms and the products of their metabolism in aerobic or anaerobic conditions are used in a technological sense in various branches of the economy. This is, for example, the production of medicines, activated sludge for biological water purification, or the production of dairy products in the food industry. Without the access of air oxygen during fermentation, solutions of organic fatty acids, alcohols, ketones or other gaseous products are formed. In the second phase of anaerobic decomposition, microbiological organisms reduce either organic or carbonate carbon to methane, which can be used as an alternative source of energy. In fermentation with the access of air oxygen, it is a complete mineralization of the elements. It is used, for example, in the processing of secondary, otherwise unused agricultural production. Controlled processing of organic substances and application of the produced compost to agricultural soil supports the microbial activity of soil organic substances. Enzymatic activity of soil microorganisms, depending on the qualitative level of biological processes, especially in the root zone of phytomass, supports the sustainability of soil fertility. During the constant turnover of microbial biomass in the soil, the dead cells are quickly mineralized, which significantly contributes to the retention capacity of the soil and the supply of nutrients to plants in an accessible form. Nanotechnology can act as an indicator in determining functional changes in biomolecules, elucidating the interaction between microbial biomass and nanoparticles. Bioactive substances become a potential option for economic development for countries in less favorable climatic conditions with food shortages, soil erosion, desertification, and environmental pollution problems, especially soil and water.