Hoofprints in the Sand Graphics: Figs. 1-11

Figure 1. Map of sites included in the LSI analysis. 

Figure 2. Landmark (red) and SSLM (blue) configuration used in the GMM study, after Pöllath et al.( 2019).

Figure 3. LSI values for length (left) and width (right) grouped by zone (Coast/Inland) and subset into era (Bronze Age/Iron Age).

Figure 4. Distributions of LSI length values per site and period. Sample size is represented on the y-axis, and LSI values are represented on the x-axis. Vertical black dashed line and text within the facets represent mean values.

Figure 5. Distributions of LSI width values per site and period. Sample size is represented on the y-axis, and LSI values are represented on the x-axis. Vertical black dashed line and text within the facets represent mean values.

Figure 6. A scatter diagram of the two ADI indexes, Bd/Dl and Dl/GLl, formulated from linear measurements taken on the N=130 astragali included in the GMM  analysis, modified after Davis (2017a: 65, fig. 9.3) (used with permission).

Figure 7. Results of the log-transformed centroid size analysis. The median size of astragali increases in the Persian period in Tell Keisan.

Figure 8. Biplot of the first two principal components, points are color-coded by context and sized according to log centroid size value. Thin plate spline (TPS) warp grids visualize morphological change between the minimum and maximum shapes along PC1 (x-axis) and PC2 (y-axis).

Figure 9. Boxplots depicting the range of variation along PC1 (left) and PC2 (right).

Figure 10. 10-PC’s shape space volume occupied by the specimens from each context.

Figure 11. A: Outlier specimen from Persian period Tell Keisan (Cat. #588). B: Modern sheep (O. aries) comparative specimen from Israel (Cat. #596).