Die Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie

The article "Die Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie" ("The Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity") by Albert Einstein, published in Annalen der Physik in 1916, presents the foundational ideas and equations of the general theory of relativity. In this groundbreaking work, Einstein extends his earlier theory of special relativity to include the effects of gravity.

**Key Points:**

1. **Equivalence Principle:** Einstein begins by introducing the equivalence principle, stating that a uniform gravitational field is indistinguishable from acceleration. This idea challenges the classical distinction between gravitational and inertial forces.

2. **Curvature of Spacetime:** Unlike in Newtonian physics, where gravity is described as a force between masses, Einstein proposes that gravity results from the curvature of spacetime caused by the presence of mass and energy. Massive objects, such as stars and planets, cause a curvature in the fabric of spacetime, and objects move along curved paths in response to this curvature.

3. **Field Equations:** Einstein formulates the field equations of general relativity, known as the Einstein field equations (EFE). These equations describe the relationship between the curvature of spacetime and the distribution of matter within it. The EFE are a set of ten interrelated differential equations.

4. **Geodesics and Gravity:** The motion of objects in a gravitational field is described by geodesics—curved paths in spacetime. In the absence of other forces, objects move along these geodesics, which are determined by the curvature of spacetime.

5. **Predictions and Tests:** The article discusses several key predictions of general relativity, including the bending of light in a gravitational field (gravitational lensing) and the gravitational redshift of light. Einstein suggests that these phenomena should be observable, providing experimental tests for his theory.

6. **Cosmological Implications:** Einstein briefly explores the cosmological implications of general relativity, proposing a model of a dynamic universe that could expand or contract. However, he introduces the cosmological constant to maintain a static universe, a decision he later considered a mistake.

7. **Historical Significance:** The publication of this article marked a turning point in the history of physics, revolutionizing our understanding of gravity. General relativity has since been confirmed through various experiments and observations, becoming a cornerstone of modern theoretical physics and cosmology.

see also: Wiley Online Library