Greenhouse gas dynamics in river networks fragmented by drying and damming

River fragmentation by drying and damming is occurring more frequently in the Anthropocene, yet there is limited research about its effects on greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes. These fragmented rivers have the potential to be important sources of GHGs to the atmosphere through both similar and dissimilar mechanisms. Our objective was to review the literature of the individual and the interactive effects of fragmentation by drying and damming on GHG fluxes in river networks, identifying the magnitudes and drivers of CO₂, methane (CH₄), and N₂O flux rates. We conducted a systematic search of studies addressing the separate and interactive effects of drying and damming on GHG fluxes from running waters. The search was primarily conducted using Web of Science for studies published from 1900 to January 2021. For the 42 studies about rivers impacted by drying, 54 about damming, and 6 about their interactive effects, we collected a suite of qualitative and quantitative information. The major proximal drivers of GHG emissions in river networks impacted by drying were sediment moisture, sediment temperature, sediment organic matter content and sediment texture. In networks impacted by damming, the major proximal drivers were water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and chlorophyll ɑ. We found research lacking in non-arid climates for drying, and on small water retention structures for damming. We propose a conceptual model where the spatial distribution of fragmentation is the principle driver of GHG fluxes at the network scale.