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Published May 11, 2022 | Version v1
Journal article Open

An Insight into the Epidemiology and Genetic Diversity of Hepatitis B Virus in Africa

  • 1. Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria.

Description

Abstract

Hepatitis viruses (hepatotropic viruses) are classified into five kinds, denoted by the letters A, B, C, D, and E, each with its own unique genotypes, clinical implications, and geographic distribution. Viral hepatitis is a type of liver inflammation that can resolve on its own or proceed to cirrhosis or hepatocellular cancer. Hepatitis A, B, and C infections are the most common types of infectious viral hepatitis. Over the previous five decades, hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has exhibited an intermediate or high endemicity level in low-income nations. HBV genotype variation is thought to be crucial in regulating disease development, infection outcome, antiviral therapy response, and illness prognosis. HBV is divided into ten genotypes (A-J) and roughly 40 sub-genotypes, correlated with different geographic distributions, transmission routes, and disease progression. The goal of this study was to figure out the current status of HBV prevalence and genotype distribution in West African countries. HBV genotypes A, D, and E have been reported the most widely prevalent genotypes in Africa so far, while there are limited reports of genotypes B and C. HBV genotype A is shown to be more prevalent in Africa than on other continents, implying that it has an African origin. Genotype D has been found across Africa, particularly in the Mediterranean and North African regions. Except in Africa, HBV genotype E infection is extremely rare, even when infection with this genotype has been recorded outside of Africa, it has virtually always been in African origin people. Within Africa, HBV genotype E is abundant and broad across the continent, reaching from Senegal's west coast to Namibia's southwestern tip and eastward to the Central African Republic. These epidemiological findings and differences have important implications for the immunization, antiviral therapy, and clinical outcomes of HBV on a national and regional level.

Özet

Hepatit virüsleri (hepatotropik virüsler) A, B, C, D ve E harfleriyle ifade edilen beş türe ayrılır ve her birinin kendine özgü genotipleri, klinik sonuçları ve coğrafi dağılımları bulunur. Viral hepatit, tedavi edilmeksizin düzelebilen ya da siroz veya hepatosellüler kansere ilerleyebilen bir tür karaciğer inflamasyonudur. Hepatit A, B ve C enfeksiyonları enfeksiyöz viral hepatitin en yaygın tipleridir. Hepatit B virusu (HBV) enfeksiyonu son elli yıllık dönemde düşük gelirli ülkelerde orta veya yüksek endemisite düzeyi sergilemiştir. HBV genotip varyasyonunun hastalık gelişiminin düzenlenmesini, enfeksiyon sonucunu, antiviral tedavi yanıtını ve hastalık prognozunu belirlemede çok önemli olduğu düşünülmektedir. HBV coğrafi dağılımları, bulaşma yolları ve hastalık progresyonundaki farklılıkları ile ilişkili olarak on genotipe (A-J) ve kabaca 40 alt genotipe ayrılmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Batı Afrika ülkelerindeki HBV prevalansı ve genotip dağılımının güncel durumunu ortaya koymaktır. Şimdiye kadar HBV A, D ve E genotipleri Afrika'da en yaygın raporlanan genotipler olurken, genotip B ve C'yi içeren sınırlı sayıda rapor bulunmaktadır. HBV genotip A'nın Afrika'da diğer kıtalara göre daha yaygın olduğu gösterilmiştir ve bu da bu genotipin Afrika kökenli olduğunu düşündürmektedir. Genotip D, Afrika genelinde, özellikle Akdeniz ve Kuzey Afrika bölgelerinde bulunmuştur. HBV genotip E enfeksiyonu ise Afrika dışında son derece nadirdir, öyle ki bu genotip ile enfeksiyon Afrika dışında kaydedilmiş olsa bile neredeyse her zaman Afrika kökenli insanlarda saptanmıştır. HBV genotip E Afrika'da kıta genelinde yaygındır ve Senegal'in batı kıyısından Namibya'nın güneybatı ucuna ve doğuda Orta Afrika Cumhuriyeti'ne kadar geniş bir alana yayılmıştır. Bu epidemiyolojik bulguların ve farklılıkların HBV bağışıklaması, antiviral tedavi ve ulusal ve bölgesel düzeyde klinik sonuçlar üzerinde önemli etkileri vardır.

Notes

Hepatit B Virusunun Afrika'daki Epidemiyolojisine ve Genetik Çeşitliliğine Bakış

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