Published February 23, 2022
| Version v1
Journal article
Restricted
The ant genus Tetraponera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Afrotropical region: taxonomic review and key to species
Creators
Description
Ward, Philip S. (2022): The ant genus Tetraponera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Afrotropical region: taxonomic review and key to species. Zootaxa 5102 (1): 1-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5102.1.1
Files
Linked records
Additional details
References
- Andre, E. (1890) Materiaux pour servir a la faune myrmecologique de Sierra-Leone (Afrique occidentale). Revue d'Entomologie, Caen, 9, 311-327.
- Andre, E. (1892) Materiaux myrmecologiques. Revue d'Entomologie, Caen, 11, 45-56.
- Anonymous (2014) S2A3 Biographical Database of Southern African Science. Available from: https://www.s2a3.org.za/bio/ Main.php (accessed 22 January 2022)
- Arnold, G. (1916) A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. Part II. Ponerinae, Dorylinae. Annals of the South African Museum, 14, 159-270.
- Arnold, G. (1949) New species of African Hymenoptera. No. 9. Occasional Papers of the National Museum of Southern Rhodesia, 2, 261-275.
- Arnold, G. (1954) New Formicidae from Kenya and Uganda. Annales du Musee Royal du Congo Belge. Nouvelle Serie in Quarto. Sciences Zoologiques, 1, 291-295.
- Baker, C.C.M., Martins, D.J., Pelaez, J.N., Billen, J.P.J., Pringle, A., Frederickson, M.E. & Pierce, N.E. (2017) Distinctive fungal communities in an obligate African ant-plant mutualism. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 284, 20162501. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.2501
- Bailey, I.W. (1922) V. The anatomy of certain plants from the Belgian Congo, with special reference to myrmecophytism. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 45, 585-621.
- Balogh, J., Endrody-Younga, S. & Zicsi, A. (1965) The scientific results of the Hungarian Soil Zoological Expedition to the Brazzaville-Congo. A report on the collectings. Folia Entomologica Hungarica, Series Nova, 18, 213-280.
- Baum, H. (1903) Kunene-Sambesi-expedition. Verlag des Kolonial-wirtschaftlichen Komitees, Berlin, xi + 596 pp.
- Benson, R.B., Bequaert, J., Schulthess, A.V. & Scott, H. (1933) Entomological expedition to Abyssinia, 1926-7. Hymenoptera, III: Tenthredinidae, Formicidae, Mutillidae, Scoliidae, Masaridae, Vespidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 10, 12, 97-120. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933308673755
- Bequaert, J. (1922) IV. Ants in their diverse relations to the plant world. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 45, 333-583.
- Bernard, F. (1953) La reserve naturelle integrale du Mt Nimba. XI. Hymenopteres Formicidae. Memoires de l'Institut Francais d'Afrique Noire, 19, 165-270.
- Bharti, H. & Akbar, S.A. (2014) Tetraponera periyarensis, a new pseudomyrmecine ant species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from India. Asian Myrmecology, 6, 43-48.
- Blatrix, R., Djieto-Lordon, C., Mondolot, L., La Fisca, P., Voglmayr, H. & McKey, D. (2012) Plant-ants use symbiotic fungi as a food source: new insight into the nutritional ecology of ant-plant interactions. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 279, 3940-3947. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.1403
- Blatrix, R., Peccoud, J., Born, C., Piatscheck, F., Benoit, L., Sauve, M., Djieto-Lordon, C., Atteke, C., Wieringa, J.J., Harris, D.J. & McKey, D. (2017) Comparative analysis of spatial genetic structure in an ant-plant symbiosis reveals a tension zone and highlights speciation processes in tropical Africa. Journal of Biogeography, 44, 1856-1868. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12972
- Bottego, V. (1895) Viaggi di scoperta nel cuore dell' Africa. Il Giuba esplorato sotto gli auspici della Societa Geografica Italiana. Ermano Loescher, Roma, xviii + 538 pp.
- Bouvier, E.-L. (Ed.) (1922) Voyage de M. le baron Maurice de Rothschild en Ethiopie et en Afrique orientale anglaise (1904- 1905). Resultats scientifiques. Animaux articules. Deuxieme partie. Imprimerie Nationale, Paris, pp. 483-1041.
- Boyle, J.H., Martins, D., Musili, P.M. & Pierce, N.E. (2019) Population genomics and demographic sampling of the ant-plant Vachellia drepanolobium and its symbiotic ants from sites across its range in East Africa. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 7, 206. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2019.00206
- Braet, Y. & Taylor, B. (2018) Ants from the Pongara National Park, Gabon-an updated list (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin de la Societe Royale Belge d'Entomologie, 154, 154-164.
- Branstetter, M.G., Longino, J.T., Ward, P.S. & Faircloth, B.C. (2017) Enriching the ant tree of life: enhanced UCE bait set for genome-scale phylogenetics of ants and other Hymenoptera. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 8, 768-776. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12742
- Brown, W.L., Jr. (1950) Morphological, taxonomic, and other notes on ants. Wasmann Journal of Biology, 8, 241-250.
- Chamberlin, R.V. (1927) The Chilopoda and Diplopoda collected by the American Museum of Natural History Congo Expedition (1909-1915), with notes on some other African species. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 57, 177-249.
- Chapin, J.P. (1954) The birds of the Belgian Congo. Part 4. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 75B, 1-846.
- Chomicki, G., Ward, P.S. & Renner, S. (2015) Macroevolutionary assembly of ant/plant symbioses: Pseudomyrmex ants and their ant-housing plants in the Neotropics. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 282, 20152200. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.2200
- Coyne, J.A. & Orr, H.A. (2004) Speciation. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts, xiii + 545 pp.
- Dalla Torre, K.W. (1893) Catalogus Hymenopterorum hucusque descriptorum systematicus et synonymicus. Vol. 7. Formicidae (Heterogyna). W. Engelmann, Leipzig, 289 pp.
- Davidson, D.W., Cook, S.C., Snelling, R.R. & Chua, T.H. (2003) Explaining the abundance of ants in lowland tropical rainforest canopies. Science, 300, 969-972. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1082074
- Davidson, D.W. & McKey, D. (1993) The evolutionary ecology of symbiotic ant-plant relationships. Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 2, 13-83.
- Davis, D.H.S. & Misonne, X. (1964) Gazetteer of collecting localities of African rodents. Documentation Zoologique, 7, i-viii + 1-100.
- Dejean, A., Djieto-Lordon, C. & Orivel, J. (2008) The plant ant Tetraponera aethiops (Pseudomyrmecinae) protects its host myrmecophyte Barteria fistulosa (Passifloraceae) through aggressiveness and predation. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 93, 63-69. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00927.x
- Delachaux, T. & Thiebaud, C.-E. (1934) Pays et peuples d'Angola. Etudes, souvenirs et photos de la deuxieme Mission scientifique suisse en Angola. Editions Victor Attinger, Neuchatel and Paris, 147 pp.
- Djieto-Lordon, C., Dejean, A., Ring, R.A., Nkongmeneck, B.A., Lauga, J. & McKey, D. (2005) Ecology of an improbable association: the pseudomyrmecine plant-ant Tetraponera tessmanni and the myrmecophytic liana Vitex thyrsiflora (Lamiaceae) in Cameroon. Biotropica, 37, 421-430. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2005.00056.x
- Donisthorpe, H. (1931) Descriptions of some new species of ants. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 10, 8, 494-501. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933108673428
- Donisthorpe, H. (1945) On a small collection of ants (Hym., Formicidae) from West Africa, associated with Coccidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 11, 12, 265-273. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222934508527511
- Dugmore, A.R. (1910) Camera adventures in the African wilds. William Heinemann, London, xix + 231 pp.
- Eltringham, H. (1918) On a collection of butterflies taken in East Africa by Mr. W. A. Lamborn. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 65, 322-337. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1918.tb02574.x
- Emery, C. (1886) Alcune formiche africane. Bullettino della Societa Entomologica Italiana, 18, 355-366.
- Emery, C. (1892) Alteres uber Ameisen in Dornen afrikanischer Akazien. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 15, 237.
- Emery, C. (1895a) Mission scientifique de M. Ch. Alluaud dans le territoire de Diego-Suarez (Madagascar-nord) (Avril-Aout 1893). Formicides. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 39, 336-345.
- Emery, C. (1895b) Voyage de M. E. Simon dans l'Afrique australe (Janvier-Avril 1893). 3e memoire. Formicides. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 64, 15-56.
- Emery, C. (1899a) Formiche di Madagascar raccolte dal Sig. A. Mocquerys nei pressi della Baia di Antongil (1897-1898). Bullettino della Societa Entomologica Italiana, 31, 263-290.
- Emery, C. (1899b) Intorno alle larve di alcune formiche. Memorie della Reale Accademia delle Scienze dell'Istituto di Bologna, 5 (8), 3-10.
- Emery, C. (1912) Etudes sur les Myrmicinae. [I-IV.]. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 56, 94-105.
- Emery, C. (1921) Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Myrmicinae. [part]. Genera Insectorum, 174A, 1-94.
- Evans, G.O. & Fletcher, D.S. (1952) Ruwenzori Expedition 1952. Vol. I. No. I. Introduction with list of localities. British Museum (Natural History), London, 7 pp.
- Floren, A., Wetzel, W. & Staab, M. (2014) The contribution of canopy species to overall ant diversity (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in temperate and tropical ecosystems. Myrmecological News, 19, 65-74.
- Forel, A. (1887) Fourmis recoltees a Madagascar par le Dr. Conrad Keller. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 7, 381-389. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.4555
- Forel, A. (1891) Histoire physique, naturelle, et politique de Madagascar publiee par Alfred Grandidier. Vol. XX. Histoire naturelle des Hymenopteres. Deuxieme partie: Les Formicides. (28e fascicule). Hachette et Cie, Paris, v +237 pp.
- Forel, A. (1892) Supplement au 28e fascicule. In: Histoire physique, naturelle, et politique de Madagascar publiee par Alfred Grandidier. Vol. XX. Histoire naturelle des Hymenopteres. Deuxieme Partie: Les Formicides. Hachette et Cie, Paris, pp. 229-280.
- Forel, A. (1894) Abessinische und andere afrikanische Ameisen, gesammelt von Herrn Ingenieur Alfred Ilg, von Herrn Dr. Liengme, von Herrn Pfarrer Missionar P. Berthoud, Herrn Dr. Arth. Muller etc. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 9, 64-100.
- Forel, A. (1895) Quelques fourmis du centre de Madagascar. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 39, 485-488.
- Forel, A. (1897) Ameisen aus Nossi-Be, Majunga, Juan de Nova (Madagaskar), den Aldabra-Inseln und Sansibar, gesammelt von Herrn Dr. A. Voeltzkow aus Berlin. Mit einem Anhang uber die von Herrn Privatdocenten Dr. A. Brauer in Marburg auf den Seychellen und von Herrn Perrot auf Ste. Marie (Madagaskar) gesammelten Ameisen. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 21, 185-208.
- Forel, A. (1901) Formiciden des Naturhistorischen Museums zu Hamburg. Neue Calyptomyrmex -, Dacryon -, Podomyrma - und Echinopla -Arten. Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg, 18, 43-82.
- Forel, A. (1904) Note sur les fourmis du Musee Zoologique de l'Academie Imperiale des Sciences a St. Petersbourg. Ezhegodnik Zoologicheskago Muzeya, 8, 368-388.
- Forel, A. (1907) Fourmis d'Ethiopie recoltees par M. le baron Maurice de Rothschild en 1905. Revue d'Entomologie, Caen, 26, 129-144.
- Forel, A. (1911a) Fourmis nouvelles ou interessantes. Bulletin de la Societe Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles, 47, 331-400.
- Forel, A. (1911b) Fourmis d'Afrique et d'Asie. I. Fourmis d'Afrique surtout du Musee du Congo Belge. Revue Zoologique Africaine, Brussels, 1, 274-283.
- Forel, A. (1913) Fourmis de Rhodesia, etc. recoltees par M. G. Arnold, le Dr. H. Brauns et K. Fikendey. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 57, 108-147. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.4596
- Forel, A. (1914) Formicides d'Afrique et d'Amerique nouveaux ou peu connus. Bulletin de la Societe Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles, 50, 211-288.
- Forel, A. (1916) Fourmis du Congo et d'autres provenances recoltees par MM. Hermann Kohl, Luja, Mayne, etc. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 24, 397-460. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.4645
- Friedmann, H. & Williams, J.G. (1969) The birds of the Sango Bay forests, Buddu County, Masaka District, Uganda. Contributions in Science, 162, 1-48. https://doi.org/10.5962/p.241150
- Galtier N. (2019) Delineating species in the speciation continuum: a proposal. Evolutionary Applications, 12, 657-663. https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12748
- Gerstacker, A. (1871) Beitrag zur Insektenfauna von Zanzibar. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 37 (1), 345-363.
- Harris, R.A. (1979) A glossary of surface sculpturing. California Department of Food and Agriculture. Laboratory Services, Entomology. Occasional Papers, 28, 1-31.
- Hocking, B. (1970) Insect associations with the swollen thorn acacias. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 122, 211-255. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1970.tb00532.x
- Janak, J. & Bordoni, A. (2015) Revision of the genus Thyreocephalus and description of Afrus gen. nov. of Africa south of the Sahara (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa, 4038 (1), 1-94. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4038.1.1
- Janzen, D.H. (1972) Protection of Barteria (Passifloraceae) by Pachysima ants (Pseudomyrmecinae) in a Nigerian rain forest. Ecology, 53, 885-892. https://doi.org/10.2307/1934304
- Jolivet, P. (1996) Ants and plants. An example of coevolution. Enlarged Edition. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, 303 pp.
- Karavaiev, V. (1931) Ameisen aus Englisch-Ostafrika. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 95, 42-51.
- Kirk-Spriggs, A.H. & Sinclair, B.J. (Eds.) (2017) Manual of Afrotropical Diptera. Vol. 1. Introductory chapters and keys to Diptera families. Suricata 4. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, xiii + 425 pp.
- Kizungu, R.B. (2006) Altitudinal distribution of birds in Mukowa primary forest, Irangi area, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Malimbus, 28 (1), 1-6.
- Klimes, P., Fibich, P., Idigel, C. & Rimandai, M. (2015) Disentangling the diversity of arboreal ant communities in tropical forest trees. PLoS ONE, 10 (2), e0117853. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0117853
- Kokolo, B., Atteke, C., Ibrahim, B. & Blatrix, R. (2016) Pattern of specificity in the tripartite symbiosis between Barteria plants, ants and Chaetothyriales fungi. Symbiosis, 69, 169-174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13199-016-0402-2
- Kokolo, B., Atteke, C., Mintsa, B.A.E., Ibrahim, B., McKey, D. & Blatrix, R. (2019) Congeneric mutualist ant symbionts (Tetraponera, Pseudomyrmecinae) differ in level of protection of their myrmecophyte hosts (Barteria, Passifloraceae). Journal of Tropical Ecology, 35, 255-259. https://doi.org/10.1017/S026646741900021X
- Lamotte, M., Rougerie, G., Roy, R. & Schnell, R. (2003) Le Nimba et ses principaux biotopes. In: Lamotte, M. & Roy, R. (Eds.), Le peuplement animal du mont Nimba (Guinee, Cote d'Ivoire, Liberia). Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle. Tome 190. Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, pp. 29-50.
- Leponce, M., Corbara, B., Delabie, J.H.C., Orivel, J., Aberlenc, H.-P., Bail, J., Barrios, H., Campos, R.I., Nascimento, I.C.do, Compin, A., Didham, R.K., Floren, A., Medianero, E., Ribeiro, S.P., Roisin, R., Schmidl, J., Tishechkin, A.K., Winchester, N.N., Basset, Y. & Dejean, A. (2021) Spatial and functional structure of an entire ant assemblage in a lowland Panamanian rainforest. Basic and Applied Ecology, 56, 32-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2021.06.007
- Longino, J.T. & Colwell, R.K. (2020) The arboreal ants of a Neotropical rain forest show high species density and comprise one third of the ant fauna. Biotropica, 52, 675-685. https://doi.org/10.1111/btp.12772
- Loveridge, A. (1957) Check list of the reptiles and amphibians of East Africa (Uganda; Kenya; Tanganyika; Zanzibar). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 117, 153-362.
- Martin, G., Leboeuf, P.N.A. & Roubaud, E. (1909) Rapport de la mission d'etudes de la maladie du sommeil au Congo francais 1906-1908. Masson, Paris, vii + 721 pp.
- Mason, F. & Rozkosny, R. (2015) Morphology, taxonomy, distribution and relationships of the Afrotropical genus Isomerocera (Diptera: Stratiomyidae). African Invertebrates, 56, 75-98. https://doi.org/10.5733/afin.056.0108
- Mayr, E. (1942) Systematics and the origin of species, from the viewpoint of a zoologist. Columbia University Press, New York, xiv + 344 pp.
- Mayr, G. (1866) Diagnosen neuer und wenig gekannter Formiciden. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 16, 885-908.
- Mayr, G. (1895) Afrikanische Formiciden. Annalen des Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, 10, 124- 154.
- Mayr, G. (1907) 2. Formicidae. In: Sjostedt, Y., Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schwedischen Zoologischen Expedition nach dem Kilimandjaro, dem Meru und umgebenden Massaisteppen Deutsch-Ostafrikas 1905-1906. 2. Band. Abt. 8. Kongelige Schwedischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Stockholm, pp. 7-24.
- McKey D. (1974) Ant-plants: selective eating of an unoccupied Barteria by a Colobus monkey. Biotropica, 6, 269-270. https://doi.org/10.2307/2989672
- Menozzi, C. (1934) Reperti mirmecofaunistici raccolti dal Prof. L. di Caporiacco nelle oasi di Cufra e in altre localita del deserto Libico. Atti della Societa dei Naturalisti e Matematici di Modena, 65, 153-166.
- Menozzi, C. (1939) Hymenoptera Formicidae. Missione Biologica nel Paese dei Borana, 3, 97-110.
- Menozzi, C. (1942) Formiche dell'isola Fernando Poo e del territorio del Rio Muni (Guinea Spagnola). 24. Beitrag zu den wissenschaftlichen Ergebnissen der Forschungsreise H. Eidmann nach Spanisch-Guinea 1939 bis 1940. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 140, 164-182.
- Molyneux, A.J.C. (1903) The sedimentary deposits of Southern Rhodesia. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 59, 266-285. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.JGS.1903.059.01-04.22
- O'Leary, R. (2003) An annotated catalog of the African primate genera Colobus and Procolobus (Cercopithecidae: Colobinae) in the collections of the American Museum of Natural History. American Museum Novitates, 3399, 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0082(2003)399<0001:AACOTA>2.0.CO;2
- Penzig, O. (1895) Note di biologie vegetale. I. Sopra una nuova pianta formicaria d'Africa (Stereospermum dentatum Rich.). Malpighia, 8, 466-471.
- Peters, W. (1956) The mosquitos of Liberia (Diptera: Culicidae). A general survey. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 47, 525-551. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300046824
- Renaut, R.W. & Owen, R.B. (2005) The geysers of Lake Bogoria, Kenya Rift Valley, Africa. GOSA Transactions, 9, 4-18.
- Room, P. (1971) The relative distributions of ant species in Ghana's cocoa farms. Journal of Animal Ecology, 40, 735-751. https://doi.org/10.2307/3447
- Santschi, F. (1910) Formicides nouveaux ou peu connus du Congo francais. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 78, 349-400.
- Santschi, F. (1911a) Nouvelle fourmis d'Afrique. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 79, 351-369.
- Santschi, F. (1911b) Nouvelles fourmis de Madagascar. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 19, 117-134. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.29916
- Santschi, F. (1911c) Nouvelles fourmis du Congo et du Benguela. Revue Zoologique Africaine, Brussels, 1, 204-217.
- Santschi, F. (1911d) Formicides de diverses provenances. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 55, 278-287.
- Santschi, F. (1912) Fourmis d'Afrique et de Madagascar. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 56, 150-167. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.5816
- Santschi, F. (1913) Glanures de fourmis africaines. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 57, 302-314. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.4600
- Santschi, F. (1914a) II. Formicidae. In: Voyage de Ch. Alluaud et R. Jeannel en Afrique Orientale, 1911-1912. Resultats scientifiques. Insectes Hymenopteres. Librairie A. Schulz, Paris, pp. 41-148.
- Santschi, F. (1914b) XII. Fam. Formicidae. In: Schulthess, A. v., Hymenopteren aus Kamerun. Gesammelt von Herrn von Rothkirch, Oberleutnant der Schutztruppe. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1914, p. 288.
- Santschi, F. (1914c) Formicides de l'Afrique occidentale et australe du voyage de Mr. le Professeur F. Silvestri. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della Reale Scuola Superiore d'Agricoltura. Portici, 8, 309-385.
- Santschi, F. (1914d) Meddelanden fran Goteborgs Musei Zoologiska Afdelning. 3. Fourmis du Natal et du Zoulouland recoltees par le Dr. I. Tragardh. Goteborgs Kungliga Vetenskaps och Vitterhets Samhalles Handlingar, 15, 1-44.
- Santschi, F. (1915) Nouvelles fourmis d'Afrique. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 84, 244-282.
- Santschi, F. (1919) Nouvelles fourmis du Congo Belge du Musee du Congo Belge, a Tervueren. Revue Zoologique Africaine, Brussels, 7, 79-91. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.15111
- Santschi, F. (1920a) Formicides nouveaux du Gabon, du Congo, de la Rhodesia et du Natal. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 60, 6-17.
- Santschi, F. (1920b) Formicides africains et americains nouveaux. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 88, 361- 390.
- Santschi, F. (1926) Trois notes myrmecologiques. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 95, 13-28.
- Santschi, F. (1928) Descriptions de nouvelles fourmis ethiopiennes (quatrieme note). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines, 16, 54-69.
- Santschi, F. (1929) Fourmis du Sahara central recoltees par la Mission du Hoggar (fevrier-mars 1928). Bulletin de la Societe d'Histoire Naturelle de l'Afrique du Nord, 20, 97-108.
- Santschi, F. (1930) Resultats de la Mission scientifique suisse en Angola, 1928-1929. Formicides de l'Angola. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 37, 53-81. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.117942
- Santschi, F. (1933) Contribution a l'etude des fourmis de l'Afrique tropicale. Bulletin et Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 73, 95-108.
- Santschi, F. (1937a) Glanure de fourmis ethiopiennes. Bulletin et Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 77, 47- 66.
- Santschi, F. (1937b) Resultats de la Mission scientifique suisse en Angola (2me voyage) 1932-1933. Fourmis angolaises. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 44, 211-250.
- Schnell, R. & Grout de Beaufort, F. (1966) Contribution a la etude des plantes a myrmecodomaties de l'Afrique intertropicale. Memoires de l'Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire, 75, 1-66.
- Smith, F. (1858) Catalogue of hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part VI. Formicidae. British Museum, London, 216 pp.
- Smith, F. (1877) Descriptions of new species of the genera Pseudomyrma and Tetraponera, belonging to the family Myrmicidae. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1877, 57-72. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1877.tb02901.x
- Stanton, M.L., Palmer, T.M. & Young, T.P. (2002) Competition-colonization trade-offs in a guild of African acacia-ants. Ecological Monographs, 72, 347-363. https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9615(2002)072[0347:CCTOIA]2.0.CO;2
- Stitz, H. (1910) Westafrikanische Ameisen. I. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 5, 125-151.
- Stitz, H. (1911) Formicidae. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Zentral-Afrika-Expedition, 3, 375-392.
- Taylor, B. & McGavin, G. (2020) Ants found on acacia of the genus Vachellia and other savannah trees at Mkomazi Game Reserve, Tanzania with the description of a new species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Belgian Journal of Entomology, 99, 1-47.
- Terron, G. (1968) Description des castes de Tetraponera anthracina Santschi (Hym., Formicidae, Promyrmicinae). Insectes Sociaux, 14, 339-348. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02223682
- Terron, G. (1969) Description de Tetraponera ledouxi espece nouvelle du Cameroun, parasite temporaire de Tetraponera anthracina Santschi (Hym. Formicidae, Promyrmicinae). Bulletin de l'Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire, Serie A, Sciences Naturelles, 31, 629-642.
- Terron, G. (1970) Mise en evidence du parasitisme temporaire de Tetraponera anthracina Santschi par Tetraponera ledouxi nov. spec. (Hym. Formicidae, Promyrmicinae). Annales de la Faculte des Sciences, Universite Federale du Cameroun, 3, 113-115.
- Terron, G. (1977) Evolution des colonies de Tetraponera anthracina Santschi (Formicidae Pseudomyrmecinae) avec reines. Bulletin Biologique de la France et de la Belgique, 111, 115-181.
- Tessmann, G. (1913) Die Pangwe. Volkerkundliche Monographie eines westafrikanischen Negerstammes. Ergebnisse der Lubecker Pangwe-Expedition 1907-1909 und fruherer Forschungen 1904-1907. Esrter Band. Ernst Wasmuth, Berlin, xxi + 275 pp. https://doi.org/10.5479/sil.120925.39088000008037
- Tobias, J.A.; Seddon, N., Spottiswoode, C.N., Pilgrim, J.D., Fishpool, L.D.C. & Collar, N.J. (2010) Quantitative criteria for species delimitation. Ibis, 152, 724-746. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919X.2010.01051.x
- Ward, P.S. (1990) The ant subfamily Pseudomyrmecinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): generic revision and relationship to other formicids. Systematic Entomology, 15, 449-489. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1990.tb00077.x
- Ward, P.S. (1991) Phylogenetic analysis of pseudomyrmecine ants associated with domatia-bearing plants. In: Cutler, D.F. & Huxley, C.R. (Eds.), Ant/plant interactions. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 335-352.
- Ward, P.S. (2001) Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of the ant genus Tetraponera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Oriental and Australian regions. Invertebrate Taxonomy, 15, 589-665. https://doi.org/10.1071/IT01001
- Ward, P.S. (2006) The ant genus Tetraponera in the Afrotropical region: synopsis of species groups and revision of the T. ambigua -group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecologische Nachrichten, 8, 119-130.
- Ward, P.S. (2009) The ant genus Tetraponera in the Afrotropical region: the T. grandidieri group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 18, 285-304.
- Ward, P.S. & Downie, D.A. (2005) The ant subfamily Pseudomyrmecinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): phylogeny and evolution of big-eyed arboreal ants. Systematic Entomology, 30, 310-335. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2004.00281.x
- Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. (1956) The ant larvae of the subfamily Pseudomyrmecinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 49, 374-398. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/49.4.374
- Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. (1973) Supplementary studies on ant larvae: Cerapachyinae, Pseudomyrmecinae and Myrmicinae. Psyche, Cambridge, 80, 204-211. https://doi.org/10.1155/1973/67836
- Wheeler, W.M. (1918) A study of some ant larvae, with a consideration of the origin and meaning of the social habit among insects. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 57, 293-343.
- Wheeler, W.M. (1919) A singular neotropical ant (Pseudomyrma filiformis Fabricius). Psyche, Cambridge, 26, 124-131. https://doi.org/10.1155/1919/85494
- Wheeler, W.M. (1922a) Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. II. The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 45, 39-269.
- Wheeler, W.M. (1922b) Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. VIII. A synonymic list of the ants of the Ethiopian region. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 45, 711-1004.
- Wheeler, W.M. (1922c) Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. IX. A synonymic list of the ants of the Malagasy region. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 45, 1005-1055.
- Wheeler, W.M. & Bailey, I.W. (1920) The feeding habits of pseudomyrmine and other ants. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Series 2, 22, 235-279. https://doi.org/10.2307/1005485
- Wheeler, W.M. & Mann, W.M. (1916) The ants of the Phillips Expedition to Palestine during 1914. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 60, 167-174.
- Wilson, E.O. (1955) A monographic revision of the ant genus Lasius. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 113, 1-201.
- Wittmer, W. (1970) 19. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Cantharidae und Malachiidae Afrikas. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 43, 149-155.
- Young, F.B. (1917) Marching on Tanga. Collins, London, xi + 264 pp.
- Young, T.P., Stubblefield, C.H. & Isbell, L.A. (1997) Ants on swollen-thorn acacias: species coexistence in a simple system. Oecologia, 109, 98-107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420050063
- Yumoto, T. & Maruhashi, T. (1999) Pruning behavior and intercolony competition of Tetraponera (Pachysima) aethiops (Pseudomyrmecinae, Hymenoptera) in Barteria fistulosa in a tropical forest, Democratic Republic of Congo. Ecological Research, 14, 393-404. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1703.1999.00307.x