Biodiversity Literature Repository
Published December 31, 2008 | Version v1
Taxonomic treatment Open

Acanthopleura gemmata

Creators

Description

Acanthopleura gemmata (de Blainville, 1825)

(Figures 5A, 6A, B)

Chresonymy in Ferreira (1986: 225) and Kaas et al. (2006: 261). Following the latter revision we consider Acanthopleura vaillantii de Rochebrune, 1882, which was considered a synonym of A. gemmata by Ferreira (1986), a distinct species, because the differences in the valve sculpture and proportion, and the girdle elements (summarized in Kaas & Van Belle 1986: 124) are significant enough to separate both taxa. Additionally, Ferreira (1986) pointed out that there is a distribution gap in the Acanthopleura gemmata – complex. According to his data, the western extreme border of this gap aggrees well with the easternmost records of A. vaillantii. In the area between no specimens of either species were found.

Chiton aculeatus; Spengler 1797 (non Linnaeus, 1758): 78.

Chiton gemmatus (-a) de Blainville 1825 (non de Koninck, 1842): 544; Ashby 1922a: 580; Lamy 1923: 264; Iredale & Hull 1927: 126; Fischer 1957: 13; Hoare 2002: 98; Dinapoli 2004: 55; Kaas et al. 2006: 261.

? Chiton magnificus Sowerby 1833 (non Deshayes, 1827): pl. 45, fig. 52; Kaas & Van Belle 1980: 80; 1998: 117; Ferreira 1986: 231 (as nomen nudum); Kaas et al. 2006: 261.

Chiton spiniger Sowerby 1840a: 287, Suppl.: pl. 16, fig. 2 (lectotype NHM 1842.5.10.1654 [designated by Ferreira 1986, p. 226], one paralectotype NHM 1842.5.10.1652; type locality: Philippines, Siquijor Island [09°10’N 123°33’E], not seen); 1840b: 1, 10, sp. 3, fig. 68 (1833); 1841: 61; Hanley 1855: 14; Lischke 1873: 23; 1874: 72; Dunker 1882: 158; van Bemmelen 1883b: 362; Moseley 1885: 38; Fischer 1887: 881; Clessin 1903: 81, pl. 30, fig. 3; Lamy 1938: 88; Taki 1938: 401; Kaas & Van Belle 1980: 122; 1998: 175; Ferreira 1986: 225, figs 14–16; Slieker 2000: 152; Gowlett-Holmes 2001: 33; Strack 2003: 14; Kaas et al. 2006: 261.

? Acanthopleura magnifica; Gray 1847a: 68.

Chiton piceus; Sowerby 1841 (non Gmelin, 1797): 61; Brazier 1877: 74; E.A. Smith 1884: 81; Haddon 1886: 23; Pilsbry 1893: 226, pl. 49, figs 37–38 (not 38–39 as cited by him); Cox 1893: 425; Kaas & Van Belle 1980: 100; Ferreira 1986: 233 (as nomen iquirendum); Neubert & Gosteli 2005: 7; Kaas et al. 2006: 261.

Chiton brevispinosus; Berge 1847 [non Sowerby, 1840]: 113.

Chiton (Acanthopleura) obesus Shuttleworth 1853: 191 [nomen nudum]; E.A. Smith 1884: 81; Haddon 1886: 23; Kaas & Van Belle 1980: 91; 1998: 132; Ferreira 1986: 233; Slieker 2000: 149; Kaas et al. 2006: 261.

Chiton macgillivrayi A. Adams 1855: 120 (the whereabout of the four syntypes is unknown [Ferreira 1986], Locus typicus: Fiji Island); E.A. Smith 1884: 81; Haddon 1886: 23; Kaas & Van Belle 1980: 79; 1998: 116; Ferreira 1986: 226; Slieker 2000: 147; Gowlett-Holmes 2001: 33; Kaas et al. 2006: 261.

Acanthopleura spiniger (-a); Simroth 1894: 106; Boettger 1916: 287, pl. 21, fig. 1 a–c; Ashby 1922a: 580; 1931: 53; Lamy 1923: 264, 265; Oostingh 1925: page without a number; Leloup 1937a: 147, 151, fig. 15b; 1960: 38; 1980b: 5; 1981a: 9 (partim); Taki 1938: 401; Fischer 1957: 23; Fischer-Piette & Franc 1960: 1710, 1715, figs. 1522 & 1528; Lowenstam 1967: 1373; Hyman 1967: 139; Rajagopal & Subba Rao 1974: 407; Wingstrand 1985: 62 –64, 67, 70, 71; figs 22–24, 27, 28; pl. 10, fig. 42; pl. 11, figs 45–46; Sirenko & Kashenko 1990: 49; Hulings 1991: 16; Gowlett- Holmes 1998b: 186; Subba Rao & Dey 2000: 5; Treves et al. 2003: 1103; Subba Rao 2003: 55, figs. 18, 20.2; Dell’Angelo et al. 2004a: 48; Schwabe 2006a: 111; 2006b: 20; Vinther 2006: 22, fig. 15.

Acanthopleura rawakiana de Rochebrune 1882: 195 (lectotype at MNHN 6113 [designated in Ferreira 1986, p. 226], type locality: “Rawak. Terre des Papous” [we failed to find Rawak of Ferreira 1986, p. 226 at Indonesia: Nusa Tenggara Timur, 09°55’S 119°50’E]); Haddon 1886: 30; Kaas & Van Belle 1980: 109; 1998: 156; Ferreira 1986: 226, 231, fig. 18; Slieker 2000: 151; Gowlett-Holmes 2001: 33; Schwabe 2006a: 111; Kaas et al. 2006: 261.

Acanthopleura balansae de Rochebrune 1882: 197 (lectotype at MNHN 5864 [designated in Ferreira 1986, p. 226], three paralectotypes at MNHN; type locality: New Caledonia [restricted by Ferreira 1986, p. 226]); Haddon 1886: 30; Thiele 1909a: 8; Kaas & Van Belle 1980: 14; 1998: 27; Ferreira 1986: 226, 231, fig. 19; Zeidler & Gowlett 1986: 112; Slieker 2000: 139; Gowlett-Holmes 2001: 33; Kaas et al. 2006: 262.

Chiton (Acanthopleura) spiniger; von Martens 1894: 92.

Acanthopleura glareosa Carpenter MS, E.A. Smith 1884: 81 [nomen nudum]; Haddon 1886: 23; Kaas & Van Belle 1980: 53; 1998: 81; Ferreira 1986: 226; Slieker 2000: 144; Gowlett-Holmes 2001: 33; Kaas et al. 2006: 262.

Acanthopleura picea (-us); Haddon 1886: 3, 24.

Acanthopleura rawakana [sic]; Pilsbry 1894: 91.

Acanthopleura aculeata; Hedley 1910: 352.

Acanthopleura gemmata; Ashby 1923a: 263; 1931: 49, 53; Hyman 1967: 113; Haas 1972: 13; Coleman 1976: 86; Kaas & Van Belle 1980: 52; 1998: 80; Way & Purchon 1981: 313; Ferreira 1982: 47; 1987: 188; Vermeij et al. 1983: 51; Eernisse 1984: 259; Kaas 1986: 17; Wells & Slack-Smith 1986: 43; Zeidler & Gowlett, 1986: 103; Sakker, 1986: 1; Kamardin 1988: 125; 1989: 58; Bullock 1989: 13; Focardi & Chelazzi 1990: 347; Santini et al. 1991: 759; Sirenko 1993: 96, 99, fig. 7C; Cretchley et al. 1997: 59; Yoshioka 1997: 254, fig. 2; Erhardt & Baensch 1998: 509, un-numbered text figure; Gowlett-Holmes 1998b: 185, fig. 3.1; Yoshioka et al. 1999: 79, fig. 2; Higo et al. 1999: 29; Reyes- Gómez 1999: 123; Lindner 1999: 29; Slieker 2000: 21, 54, 144, pl. 15, fig. 8; Wells, Slack-Smith & Brycer 2000: 33; Wells 2000: 94; Schwabe 2000b: 14; 2001: 27; 2006a: 111; 2006b: 20; Yoshioka & Fujitani 2001: 30; 2003a: 9; 2003b: 19; 2006a: 124, fig. 2; 2006b: 172; 2006c: 277; Saito 2001: 19, pl. 9, fig. 8; Gowlett-Holmes 2001: 33; Brooker & Macey 2001: 205; Wells 2002: 113; Dell’Angelo & Cianfanelli 2003: 27; Coleman 2003: 30, un-numbered text figure; Pauley 2003: Appendix 1; Brooker 2003: 7; 2006: 170; Nishihama et al. 2003: 12; Sasaki et al. 2003: 23; Strack 2003: 14; Dell’Angelo et al. 2004a: 54, pl. 5, figs 1–3; Dinapoli 2004: 56; Gaymer et al. 2004: 149; Wu 2004: 11; Schwabe 2005a: 54, pl. 2, fig. 5; Neubert & Gosteli 2005: 7; Sirenko 2006: 40, fig. 11.33; Vinther 2006: 14, fig. 7B, pl. 13; Kaas et al. 2006: 261, fig. 106; Saito 2006c: 122, fig. 6G; Burghardt et al. 2006: 30, pl. 1, fig. 14; Todt et al. 2008: 72, fig. 4.1.E.

Acanthopleura gemmata queenslandica Ashby 1922b: 30 (holotype at SAMA D 12459; type locality: Australia: Queensland: Dunk Island [17°56’S 146°06’E], not seen); Ashby 1928: 172 (holotype selected as neotype of A. gemmatus, thus A. gemmata queenslandica became an objective synonym of A. gemmata); Iredale & Hull 1926b: 264; 1927: 127; Kaas & Van Belle 1980: 108; 1998: 154; Ferreira 1986: 225; Zeidler & Gowlett 1986: 103; Gowlett-Holmes 2001: 33; Kaas et al. 2006: 262.

Acanthozostera gemmata; Mackay 1930: 293, 295, 296; Taki 1938: 401; 1955: 53; 1961: 8; Cotton & Weeding 1939: 197; Cotton & Godfrey 1940: 565, fig. 571; Risbec 1946: 130, 173, fig. 22; Joyce 1959: 239, fig. 11b; Kuroda 1960: 1; Cotton 1964: 99; Maxwell 1968: 169; Glynn 1970: 7, 17; S. Y. Smith 1975: 59; Lyman 1975: 68; A.G. Smith & Ferreira 1977: 89; Cernohorsky 1978: 42; Schmidt-Effing 1980: 314; Dell’Angelo 1984: 77; Burghardt & Burghardt 1999: 4, text fig.

Acanthopleura gemmatus maudensis Ashby 1928: 172, pl. 12, figs 8, 9 (holotype at SAMA D 10775; type locality: Australia: Western Australia: Maud’s Landing [23°06’S 113°48’E], not seen); Kaas & Van Belle 1980: 82; 1998: 120; Ferreira 1986: 225; Zeidler & Gowlett 1986: 103; Gowlett-Holmes 2001: 33; Kaas et al. 2006: 262.

Acanthopleura (Acanthozostera) gemmata; Thiele 1929: 21.

Acanthopleura bergenhayni Leloup 1937b: 3 (holotype at NHM 19823, type locality: “N. C. Australia ”, not seen); Kaas & Van Belle 1980: 15; 1998: 30; Ferreira 1986: 226, figs 20–21; Slieker 2000: 139; Gowlett-Holmes 2001: 33; Kaas et al. 2006: 262.

Acanthozostera spiniger; Taki 1961: 8.

Acanthozostera virens Ang 1967: 393, 421, pl. 15, figs 1–5 (holotype at UPM Am-112, no paratypes designated but additional material of unknown quantity from 17 stations in UPM; type locality: Philippines [Of all the specimens the author reported in his description he unfortunately selected one as holotype with no detailed data. The bulk of the mentioned material is from Puerto Galera, Mindoro Island, so it is likeley that the type comes from there, especially as the two preceeding registration numbers, hold material from there], not seen); Ferreira 1986: 226, 227; Kaas & Van Belle 1998: 198; Slieker 2000: 154; Gowlett-Holmes 2001: 33; Kaas et al. 2006: 262.

Acanthopleura virens; Kaas & Van Belle 1980: 141.

Acanthopleura granulata; Leloup 1981a (non Gmelin, 1791): 1; Schwabe 2006a: 111.

Acanthopleura; Purchon & Purchon 1981: 299 (this is the material Way & Purchon 1981 referred to as Acanthopleura gemmata).

Acanthosoostera gemmata [sic]; Cruz & Sotela 1984: 66. Acanthopleura spinifera [sic]; Wingstrand 1985: 64.

Acansozostrea gemmata [sic]; Kwon et al. 2000: 16, fig. 12.

Locus typicus: Australia, Queensland, Dunk Island [17°56’S 146°06’E].

Primary type: Neotype (SAMA D12459), not seen. Ashby (1928: 172, figs 6 & 7) selected the holotype of Acanthopleura gemmata queenslandica Ashby, 1922 as neotype of A. gemmatus.

Fiji records: Chiton macgillivrayi A. Adams 1855: 120.

Acanthopleura macgillivrayi; Haddon, 1886: 23.

Acanthopleura (Acanthopleura) spiniger; Pilsbry 1893: 221, pl. 48.

Acanthopleura spinigera; Bergenhayn 1930a: 39, pl. 3, figs 55–61, 70–74; Leloup 1933: 23.

Acanthozostera gemmata; Cernohorsky 1978: 42; Morton & Raj 1981: 6, 19, 84, 108, pls I.3, I.7, IV.8, IV.18.

Acanthopleura gemmata; Ferreira 1986: 228; 1987: 188.

Material examined: USP Mol 4970: 1 juvenile spm, Viti Levu, Coral coast, opposite the Vilisites restaurant, Votua Village [18°13'S 177°43'E], leg. V. Bonito & Lisa Kirkendale, 16 October 2001, wet. USP Mol 2113 (BC5-72A): 1 subadult spm, South shore of Yabu Island, Great Astrolabe Lagoon (18°50'08''S 178°30'08''E), on boulder exposed at low tide, leg. M. Gravel & B. Carlson, 0 1 April 1972, wet; USP Mol 2680 (FR1 [Bv] Ref 37-47]): 1 subadult, 1 adult spm, Viti Levu, Toberua Island, Mbau Waters, reef to the north of the Island [17°57'S 178°42'E], mid-littoral, leg. Peter Beveridge & Schivrer, 21 August 1968, wet. ZSM Mol 20061614: 2 adult spms, Viti Levu, Laucala Bay, west side of Nukumbutho Island 18°10.474'S 178°28.343'E; lowest low tide at about 10–11:00, at the top of a limestone near the inner edge of the fringing reef, air exposed, in small crevices, seaward, leg. Enrico Schwabe, 21 August 2006, wet; ZISP: 2 adult spms, Suva, reef, intertidal rocks, leg. S.

Vassilenko, 0 5 September 1971, wet; ZISP: 4 adult spms, Tuvutha Id. [17°40'S 178°48'W] Callisto St. 23c, intertidal rocks, leg. Boris Sirenko, 0 7 February 1975, wet; ZISP: 1 adult spm, Vekai Island [17°34'S 178°49'W], Callisto St. 24c, leg. Boris Sirenko, 0 8 February 1975, wet.

Additionally specimens from the following points were photo documented (ZSM): Fiji, Viti Levu, Laucala Bay, north side of Makuluva Island 18°11.250'S 178°30.992'E, about 10 specimens were sitting in crevices on top of limestones, air exposed, 26 August 2006 (E. Schwabe); Fiji, Vanua Levu, Somosomo Strait, limestone in the intertidal zone, 21 January 2007 (Achim Nimmerfroh).

Habitat: Morton & Raj (1981) gave an excellent description of the habitat preferences of A. gemmata. The species inhabits the upper surface of limestone rocks of the Barrier reef, where they may be found exposed during the low tide sitting in crevices and sea urchin depressions.

Distribution: Kaas et al. (2006: 264) listed a wide distribution for this species, showing occurrences from the Andaman Sea in the East to Tonga and the Marquesas Islands. It is also known from Northern and Southwestern Australia to the northern Philippines. Kaas et al. (2006) also mentioned the reappearance of this species in some regions of East Africa, but in our opinion these records need a critical reevaluation. Additionally the records of the species from Japan (Saito 2001: 19) and from the Samoan Islands (Schwabe 2001: 27) are noteworthy, the first record likely revealing the northern range limit and the latter showing continuity between the Marquesas and the other localities, a connection previously doubted as Ferreira (1986: 230) argued this species does not occur in Samoa.

Remarks: According to Morton & Raj (1981) this species is also found along the boulder fields along the coast, but in the immediate vicinity of the USP the species can no longer be found due to the activities of local fishers (see also Ferreira 1987, p. 188), who eat the species ("tadruku" as the natives call them, are cooked in salt water, with the valves, perinotum elements and innards removed and the foot and remaining perinotum parts cut into small pieces,). As the only chiton species with commercial value in Fiji, the local populations should be monitored so that the species does not go extinct.

Notes

Published as part of Schwabe, Enrico, Sirenko, Boris I. & Seeto, Johnson, 2008, A checklist of Polyplacophora (Mollusca) from the Fiji islands, pp. 1-52 in Zootaxa 1777 on pages 18-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274284

Files

Files (15.0 kB)

Name Size Download all
md5:d676cf990a184fdf0e9566d19c48e1f2
15.0 kB Download

System files (143.1 kB)

Name Size Download all
md5:d90d4511cd44e3ab5d9e7d6316f1e40f
143.1 kB Download

Linked records

Additional details

Identifiers

URL
http://treatment.plazi.org/id/1E286D37402FFFF0C2BBFCABFCB0E6F6

Cites
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.274289 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.274290 (DOI)
Is part of
Journal article: 10.5281/zenodo.274284 (DOI)
Journal article: http://publication.plazi.org/id/E211154F403EFFE3C22CFFACFFE1E104 (URL)
Is source of
https://biodiversitypmc.sibils.org/collections/plazi/1E286D37402FFFF0C2BBFCABFCB0E6F6 (URL)
https://www.gbif.org/species/119363006 (URL)
https://www.checklistbank.org/dataset/49526/taxon/1E286D37402FFFF0C2BBFCABFCB0E6F6.taxon (URL)

Biodiversity

Family
Chitonidae
Genus
Acanthopleura
Kingdom
Animalia
Order
Chitonida
Phylum
Mollusca
Species
gemmata
Taxon rank
species

References

  • Blainville, H. M. D. de (1825) Oscabrelle. Oscabrion. In: Levrault, E. (ed.) Dictionnaire des sciences naturelles, 36, 519 - 556.
  • Ferreira, A. J. (1986) A revision of the genus Acanthopleura Guilding, 1829 (Mollusca: Polyplacophora). The Veliger, 28, 221 - 279.
  • Kaas, P. & Van Belle, R. A. & Strack, H. L. (2006) Monograph of living chitons. (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) 6, Suborder Ischnochitonina (concluded): Schizochitonidae; Chitonidae; Additions to Volumes 1 - 5, Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV. 463 pp.
  • Rochebrune, A. T. de (1882) Diagnoses d'especes nouvelles de la famille des Chitonidae (premier supplement). Bulletin de la Societe Philomathique de Paris, (7) 6, 190 - 197.
  • Ashby, E. (1922 a) Types of species of Australasian Polyplacophora described by De Blainville, Lamarck, De Rochebrune, and others, now in the museum of´Histoire Naturelle, in Paris. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia, 46, 572 - 582.
  • Lamy, M. E. (1923) Notes sur les chitons rapportes au Museum National de Paris par Peron et Lesueur (1803). Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 3, 260 - 265.
  • Iredale, T. & Hull, A. F. B. (1927) A Monograph of the Australian Loricates, Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Sydney: i - xiv, 1 - 168, pls 1 - 21.
  • Fischer, P. - H. (1957) Revision des Amphineures de la Collection de l'Ecole des Mines de Paris. Journal de Conchyliologie, Paris, (4) 97, 10 - 24.
  • Hoare, R. D. (2002) European Paleozoic Polyplacophora, Multiplacophora, and Turrilepadida in United States repositories. Journal of Paleontology, 76, 95 - 108.
  • Dinapoli, A. (2004) Polyplacophora der Insel Sokotra. Systematik und Biogeographie. Diplomarbeit, vorgelegt der Fakultat fur Biowissenschaften der Ruprecht-Karls-Universitat Heidelberg, 137 pp.
  • Kaas, P. & Van Belle, R. A. (1980) Catalogue of Living Chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora), Dr. W. Backhuys Publisher, Rotterdam, 144 p.
  • Sowerby, G. B. (I.) (1840 a) Description of some new chitons. The Magazin of natural History, (2) 4, 287 - 294, pl. 16.
  • Hanley, S. (1855) Ipsa Linnaei Conchylia. The shells of Linnaeus, determined from his manuscripts and collection, Williams and Norgate, London, 556 pp., 5 pls.
  • Lischke, C. E. (1873) Diagnosen neuer Meeres-Conchylien aus Japan. Malakozoologische Blatter, 21, 19 - 25.
  • Dunker, G. (1882) Index Molluscorum maris Japonici, Theodor Fischer Verlag, Cassel, i - vii, 301 pp., 16 pls.
  • Van Bemmelen, J. F. (1883 b) Wissenschaftliche Mittheilungen. 1. Zur Anatomie der Chitonen. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 6 (142 - 143), 340 - 344 (142); 361 - 365 (143).
  • Moseley, H. N. (1885) On the presence of eyes in the shells of certain Chitonidae, and on the structure of these organs.
  • Fischer, P. (1887) Manuel de conchyliologie et de paleontologie conchyliologique, Librairie F. Savy, Paris, 1369 pp., pls 1 - 23.
  • Clessin, S. (1903 - 1904) Die Familie Chitonidae. Systematisches Conchylien Cabinet, ed. 2, Nurnberg, 6, 1 - 120 (1903), 121 - 136 (1904), pls 1 - 41.
  • Lamy, M. E. (1938) Mission Robert Ph. Dollfus en Egypte (Decembre 1927 - Mars 1929) Societe Misr pour les Pecheries S. S. " Al Sayad ", Resultats Scientifiques, 2 e Partie. VII Mollusca Testacea. Memoires presentes a l'Institut d'Egypte, 37, 1 - 89, pl. 1.
  • Taki, Is. (1938) Report of the biological survey of Mutsu Bay 31. Studies on chitons of Mutsu Bay with general discussion on chitons of Japan. The Science Reports of the Tohoku Imperial University, (4 [Biology]) 12, 323 - 423, pls 14 - 34.
  • Slieker, F. J. A. (2000) Chitons of the world. An illustrated synopsis of recent Polyplacophora, L'Informatore Piceno, i - vi, 154 pp.
  • Gowlett-Holmes, K. L. (2001) Polyplacophora. pp. 19 - 84 In: Wells, A. & Houston, W. W. K. (eds). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 17.2. Mollusca: Aplacophora, Polyplacophora, Scaphopoda, Cephalopoda. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, Australia, i - xii, 353 pp.
  • Strack, H. L. (2003) Class Polyplacophora (formerly Amphineura), pp. 12 - 15. In: Hylleberg, J. & Kilburn, R. N. (eds) Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme. Marine Molluscs of Vietnam. Annotations, Voucher Material, and Species in need of Verification. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication, 28, 1 - 300.
  • Gray, J. E. (1847 a) On the genera of the family Chitonidae. Proceedings of the zoological Society of London, 15, 63 - 70.
  • Sowerby, G. B. (II.) (1841) Descriptions of several new species of Chitones, brought by H. Cuming, Esq., from the Philippine Islands. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 9, 61 - 62.
  • Brazier, J. (1877) Continuation of the Mollusca collected during the " Chevert " Expedition. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 2, 74 - 89.
  • Smith, E. A. (1884) Mollusca, in Report on the zoological collections made in the Indo-Pacific Ocean during the voyage of H. M. S. " Alert " 1881 - 2, London, i - xxv, 684 pp., pls 1 - 54.
  • Haddon, A. C. (1886) Report on the Polyplacophora collected by H. M. S. " Challenger " during the years 1873 - 76. Challenger Reports, 15, 1 - 50, pls 1 - 3.
  • Cox, J. C. (1893) Notes on the occurrence of a species of Plecotrema and of other species of Mollusca in Port Jackson. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 8, 422 - 429.
  • Neubert, E. & Gosteli, M. (2005) The molluscan species described by Robert James Shuttleworth. II. Polyplacophora, Gastropoda (Caenogastropoda), Bivalvia. Contributions to Natural History, 5, 1 - 79.
  • Berge, F. (1847) Conchylienbuch, oder allgemeine und besondere Naturgeschichte der Muscheln und Schnecken, nebst der Anweisung, sie zu sammeln, zuzubereiten und aufzubewahren, Stuttgart, 263 pp., pls 1 - 46.
  • Shuttleworth, R. J. (1853) Diagnosen neuer Mollusken. 4, Ueber den Bau der Chitoniden, mit Aufzahlung der die Antillen und die Canarischen Inseln bewohnenden Arten. Mittheilungen der naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Bern, 286 - 291, 169 - 207.
  • Adams, A. (1855) Descriptions of two genera and several new species of Mollusca, from the collection of Hugh Cuming, Esq. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 23, 119 - 124.
  • Simroth, H. (1894) Die Hautanpassung eines Placophoren an die Luft. Berichte der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Leipzig, 1893 / 1894, 104 - 106.
  • Boettger, C. R. (1916) Die Molluskenausbeute der Hanseatischen Sudsee-Expedition 1909. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 36, 287 - 308, pls 21 - 23.
  • Oostingh, C. H. (1925) Report on a collecion of Recent shells from Obi and Halmahera (Moluccas). Mededeelingen van de Landbouw-Hoogeschool te Wageningen (Nederland), 29, 362 pp.
  • Leloup, E. (1937 a) Resultats scientifiques des Croisieres du Navire-Ecole Belge " Mercator ". Vol. 1. VII Polyplacophora. Memoires du Musee royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, 2 (9), 129 - 151.
  • Fischer-Piette, E. & Franc, A. (1960) Classe des Polyplacophores, In: Grasse, P. - P. (ed.) Traite de Zoologie. Anatomie, Systematique, Biologie. Tome V, Paris, 1053 - 2219.
  • Lowenstam, H. A. (1967) Lepidocrocite, an apatite mineral, and magnetite in teeth of chitons (Polyplacophora). Science, 156, 1373 - 1375.
  • Hyman, L. H. (1967) The Invertebrates. Vol. VI. Mollusca I. Aplacophora, Polyplacophora, Monoplacophora, Gastropoda. The coelomate Bilateria, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, St. Louis, San Francisco, Toronto, London, Sydney, i - vii, 1 - 792.
  • Rajagopal, A. S. & Subba Rao, N. V. (1974) On chitons from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 16, 398 - 411.
  • Wingstrand, K. G. (1985) On the anatomy and relationships of Recent Monoplacophora. Galathea Report, 16, 7 - 94, pls 1 - 12.
  • Sirenko, B. I. & Kashenko, S. D. (1990) Larval development of Ischnochiton hakodadensis Pilsbry (Polyplacophora, Ischnochitonidae) under normal conditions and at salinity changes. Biologiya Morya (Vladivostok), 1, 43 - 51.
  • Hulings, N. C. (1991) Activity Patterns and homing of Acanthopleura gemmata (Blainville, 1825) (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) in the Rocky Intertidal of the Jordan Gulf of Aquaba. The Nautilus, 105, 16 - 25.
  • Gowlett-Holmes, K. L. (1998 b) Family Chitonidae, 185 - 188, In: Beesley, P. L., Ross, G. J. B. & Wells, A. (eds) Mollusca: The Southern Synthesis. Fauna of Australia. Vol. 5, CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, Part A xvi, 563 pp.
  • Subba Rao, N. V. & Dey, A. (2000) Catalogue of Marine Molluscs of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Occasional Paper, 187, 1 - 323.
  • Treves, K., Traub, W., Weine, S. & Addadi, L. (2003) Aragonite formation in the chiton (Mollusca) girdle. Helvetica Chimica Acta, 86, 1101 - 1112.
  • Subba Rao, N. V. (2003) Indian Seashells (Part- 1). Polyplacophora and Gastropoda. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Occasional Paper, 192, i - x, 416 pp.
  • Schwabe, E. (2006 a) On a small collection of chitons from Papua New Guinea (Mollusca: Polyplacophora). Venus, 65, 97 - 112.
  • Vinther, J. (2006) The esthetal canal system in chitons (Polyplacophora) and sachitids (Lower to Middle Cambrian) - a comparison of canals in a mineralized matrix, their possible homology and phylogenetic implications. Speciale thesis presented to the Geological and Zoological Museum of Copenhagen, 123 pp.
  • Thiele, J. (1909 a) Revision des Systems der Chitonen. I. Teil. Zoologica. Original-Abhandlungen aus dem Gesamtgebiete der Zoologie, Stuttgart, 22, 1 - 70, pls 1 - 6.
  • Zeidler, W. & Gowlett, K. L. (1986) Mollusc type-specimens in the South Australian Museum. 3. Polyplacophora. Records of the South Australian Museum (Adelaide), 19, 97 - 115.
  • Martens, E. von (1894) Mollusken, 81 - 96, pl. 4, In: Semon, R. (ed.), Zoologische Forschungsreisen in Australien und dem Malayischen Archipel. 5. Band. Systematik, Tiergeographie, Anatomie Wirbelloser Tiere. Denkschriften der Medicinisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft zu Jena 8, (Jena 1894 - 1903).
  • Hedley, C. (1910) The marine fauna of Queensland. Report of the Twelfth Meeting of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science, Section D (Biology), Sydney, (1909), 329 - 371.
  • Ashby, E. (1923 a) Notes on the genus Stenochiton and the discovery and recognition of the type of Blainville's Chiton longicymba in Stenochiton juloides, Adams and Angas. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London, 15, 260 - 265.
  • Haas, W. (1972) Untersuchungen uber die Mikro- und Ultrastruktur der Polyplacophorenschale. Biomineralisation Research Report, 6, 1 - 52.
  • Coleman, N. (1976) Shell collecting in Australia, Sydney, Wellington, London, A. H. & A. W. Reed, 1 st Edition, 176 pp.
  • Way, K. & Purchon, R. D. (1981) The marine shelled Mollusca of West Malaysia and Singapore. Part 2. Polyplacophora and Gastropoda. Journal of Molluscan Study, 47, 313 - 321.
  • Vermeij, G. J., Kay, E. A. & Eldredge, L. G. (1983) Molluscs of the Northern Mariana Islands, with special reference to the selectivity of oceanic dispersal barriers. Micronesica, 19, 27 - 55.
  • Eernisse, D. J. (1984) Lepidochitona Gray, 1821 (Mollusca: Polyplacophora), from the Pacific Coast of the United States: Systematics and reproduction. Dissertation, University of California, Santa Cruz. i - x, 1 - 357.
  • Kaas, P. (1986) Revision of the chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) from the coral reefs of Tulear, SW Madagascar, and of the Mascarene Islands. Mesogee, 46, 9 - 23.
  • Wells, F. E. & Slack-Smith, S. M. (1986) Part IV. Molluscs. pp. 41 - 57 In: Berry, P. F. (ed.) Faunal Surveys of the Rowley Shoals, Scott Reef and Seringapatam Reef North West Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement 25.
  • Sakker, E. R. (1986) Seasonal reproductive cycles of three Australian species of chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora). International Journal of Invertebrate Reproduction and Development, 10, 1 - 16.
  • Kamardin, N. N. (1988) Le role probable de l'osphradium dans le homing des mollusques marins littoraux Acanthopleura gemmata Blainv. (Polyplacophora), Siphonaria grisea L. et Siphonaria sp. (Gastropoda, Pulmonata). Mesogee, 48, 125 - 130.
  • Bullock, R. C. (1989) Mechanical wear of radular denticle caps of Acanthopleura granulata (Gmelin, 1791) (Polyplacophora: Chitonidae). American Malacological Bulletin, 7, 13 - 19.
  • Focardi, S. & Chelazzi, G. (1990) Ecological determinants of bioeconomics in three intertidal chitons (Acanthopleura spp.). Journal of Animal Ecology, 59, 347 - 362.
  • Santini, G., Della Santina, P. & Chelazzi, G. (1991) A motographic analysis of foraging behaviour in intertidal chitons (Acanthopleura spp.). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 71, 759 - 769.
  • Sirenko, B. I. (1993) Revision of the system of the order Chitonida (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) on the basis of correlation between the type of gills arrangement and the shape of the chorion processes. Ruthenica, 3, 93 - 117.
  • Cretchley, R., Hodgson, A. N., Gray, D. R. & Reddy, K. (1997) Variation in foraging activity of Acanthochitona garnoti (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) from different habitats. South African Journal of Zoology, 32, 59 - 63.
  • Yoshioka, E. (1997) Distribution of Acanthopleura spp. (Polyplacophora: Chitonidae) in Iriomote, Ishigaki and Miyako Islands, Okinawa. Venus, 56, 253 - 257.
  • Erhardt, H. & Baensch, H. A. (1998) Meerwasser Atlas. Band 4. Wirbellose. 1. Taschenbuchauflage, Melle, Germany, Mergus Verlag GmbH fur Natur- und Heimtierkunde, 1214 pp.
  • Yoshioka, E., Ikebe, Y., Fujitani, E. & Okuda, N. (1999) Distribution of Acanthopleura spp. (Polyplacophora: Chitonidae) in the western part of Iriomote Island, Aragusuku and Kuroshima Islands, Okinawa. Venus, 58, 79 - 82.
  • Higo, S., Callomon, P. & Goto, Y. (1999) Catalogue and bibliography of the marine shell-bearing Mollusca of Japan, Elle Scientific Publications, 749 pp.
  • Reyes-Gomez, A. (1999) Sistematica de los Quitones (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) de la coleccion Nacional de Moluscos del Instituto de Biologia Unam. Tesis, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Departamento de Biologia, Mexico City, vii, 186 pp.
  • Lindner, G. (1999) Muscheln und Schnecken der Weltmeere: Aussehen, Vorkommen, Systematik. 5 th Edition, BLV Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Munchen, Wien, Zurich, 319 pp.
  • Schwabe, E. (2000 b) The Chiton fauna of Bali. http: // www. worldwideconchology. com / BaliChitons. html (worldwideconchology. com ®, Dec 0 7, 1996)
  • Yoshioka, E. & Fujitani, E. (2001) Activity patterns and homing behaviors of Acanthopleura gemmata and A. tenuispinosa chitons. 4 th International Workshop of Malacology (of Italian Malacological Society). " Systematics, Phylogeny and Biology of Polyplacophora ", Menfi, 30 (Abstract).
  • Saito H. (2001) Class Polyplacophora. Neoloricata. 4 - 23 In: Okutani T. (ed.) Marine Molllusks in Japan, Tokai University Press, Tokyo, i - xlviii, 1175 pp.
  • Brooker, L. R. & Macey, D. J. (2001) Biomineralization in chiton teeth and its usefulness as a taxonomic character in the genus Acanthopleura Guilding, 1829 (Mollusca: Polyplacophora). American Malacological Bulletin, 16, 203 - 215.
  • Wells, F. (2002) Appendix 3: Molluscs recorded at the Raja Ampat Islands, pp. 113 - 131 In: McKenna, S. A., Allen, G. R. & Suryadi, S. A (eds) Marine Rapid Assessment of the Raja Ampat Islands, Papua Province, Indonesia. Rapid Assessment Program Bulletin on Biological Assessment, 22, 191 pp.
  • Dell'Angelo, B. & Cianfanelli, S. (2003) Una nuova Segnalazione di Ipermeria nei Molluschi Poliplacofori. Atti della Societa' toscana di Scienze naturali, Mem. (B), 109, 27 - 28.
  • Coleman, N. (2003) 2002 Sea Shells. Catalogue of Indo-Pacific Mollusca, Neville Coleman's Underwater Geographic Pty Ltd, Springwood, Australia, 144 pp.
  • Brooker, L. R. (2003) A re-evaluation of the genus Acanthopleura Guilding, 1829 (Mollusca: Polyplacophora), using light and electron microscopy, p. 7 In: Programm and Abstract. The Second International Chiton symposium, 23 - 27 August 2003, Tsukuba, Japan.
  • Nishihama, S., Sasaki, M. & Hamaguchi, M. (2003) Distribution of Acanthopleura spp. in Sakishima Islands with special reference to A. spinosa, In: Programm and Abstract. The Second International Chiton symposium, 23 - 27 August 2003, Tsukuba, Japan.
  • Gaymer, C. F., Guisado, C., Brokordt, K. B. & Himmelman, J. H. (2004) Gonad structure and gamete morphology of the Easern South Pacific chiton Acanthopleura echinata Barnes, 1824. The Veliger, 47, 141 - 152.
  • Wu, W. - L. (2004) The Taiwan Malacofauna. VI. Cephalopoda, Polyplacophora and Scaphopoda. Taiwan Forestry Bureau, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Taiwan, i - viii, 1 - 70.
  • Schwabe, E. (2005 a) Polyplacophora, pp. 52 - 55. In: Dharma, B. (ed.) Recent & Fossil Indonesian Shells. Hackenheim, Germany, ConchBooks, 423 pp.
  • Sirenko, B. I. (2006) New outlook on the system of chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora). Ven us, 65, 27 - 49.
  • Saito, H. (2006 c). Shallow water chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) from Puerto Galera, Mindoro Island, the Philippines. Memoirs of the National Science Museum, Tokyo, 44, 119 - 133.
  • Burghardt, I., Carvalho, R., Eheberg, D., Gerung, G., Kaligis, F., Mamangkey, G., Schrodl, M., Schwabe, E., Vonnemann, V. & Wagele, H. (2006) Molluscan diversity at Bunaken National Park, Sulawesi. Journal of the Zoological Society Wallacea, 2, 29 - 43.
  • Todt, C., Okusu, A., Schander, C. & Schwabe, E. (2008) Solenogastres, Caudofoveata, and Polyplacophora. pp. 71 - 96 In: Ponder, W. F. & Lindberg, D. R. (eds) Phylogeny and Evolution of the Mollusca. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, University of California Press, i - xii, 1 - 469.
  • Ashby, E. (1922 b) Notes on the Australian representatives of the genus Acanthopleura, Guilding, together with a description of Polyplacophora in the Western Australian Museum. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, 8, 29 - 34.
  • Ashby, E. (1928) Notes on a collection of chitons (Polyplacophora) from the Capricorn Group, Queensland. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia, 52, 167 - 173, pl. 12.
  • Iredale, T. & Hull, A. F. B. (1926 b) A monograph of the Australian loricates (Phylum Mollusca-Order Loricata). VII. The Australian Zoologist, 4, 256 - 276, pl. 37.
  • Mackay, J. S. (1930) Notes on loricates (Chitons) collected on the coast of Queensland in 1928, 1929 and 1930. The Australian Zoologist, 6, 287 - 300.
  • Cotton, B. C. & Weeding, B. J. (1939) Flindersian loricates. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia, 63, 180 - 199, pl. 7.
  • Cotton, B. C. & Godfrey, F. K. (1940) The Molluscs of South Australia. Part II. Scaphopoda, Cephalopoda, Aplacophora and Crepipoda, in British Science Guild, South Australian Branch, Handbook of the Flora and Fauna of South Australia, Frank Trigg, Adelaide, 317 - 600.
  • Risbec, J. (1946) Etudes anatomiques sur les amphineures de la Nouvelle-Caledonie. Journal de la Societe des Oceanistes, 2, 129 - 190.
  • Joyce, A. (1959) Australian shells: with related animals living in the sea, in freshwater, and on the land, Boston, Branford, 487 pp.
  • Kuroda, T. (1960) A catalogue of Molluscan fauna of the Okinawa Islands, Ryukyu University, Naha-shi, Okinawa, 106 pp.
  • Cotton, B. C. (1964) South Australian Mollusca. Chitons, Adelaide, 151 pp.
  • Maxwell, W. G. H. (1968) Atlas of the Great Barrier Reef, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, viii, 258 pp.
  • Glynn, P. W. (1970) On the ecology of the Caribbean chitons Acanthopleura granulata Gmelin and Chiton tuberculatus Linne: density, mortality, feeding, reproduction, and growth. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 66, 1 - 21.
  • Smith, S. Y. (1975) Temporal and spatial activity patterns of the intertidal chiton Mopalia muscosa. The Veliger, 18 (Suppl.), 57 - 62.
  • Smith, A. G. & Ferreira, A. J. (1977) Chiton fauna of the Galapagos Islands. The Veliger, 20, 82 - 97.
  • Cernohorsky, W. O. (1978) Report on the molluscan fauna of the Lau Group, Fiji Islands. Bulletin of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 17, 39 - 52.
  • Schmidt-Effing, U. (1980) Beobachtungen zum Heimfinde-Verhalten und zum Aktivitats-Rhythmus von Chiton stokesii Broderip, 1832 mit Anmerkungen auch zu Ischnochiton dispar (Sowerby, 1832) (Polyplacophora). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 205, 309 - 317.
  • Burghardt, G. E. & Burghardt, L. E. (1999) Selected Chitons of Asia, Japan & Pacific Regions. Internet Hawaiian Shell News, 0 3 (Features), 2 - 12.
  • Thiele, J. (1929 - 1931) Classis Loricata, in Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde, Band 1. Verlag von Gustav Fischer, Jena 1929 - 1931: 778 p. (1 - 376 = 1929; 377 - 778 = 1931).
  • Leloup, E. (1937 b) Diagnoses de six nouvelles especes d'amphineures polyplacophores de la region Indo-Pacifique. Bulletin Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, 13 (38), 1 - 3.
  • Taki, Is. (1961) Polyplacophora. Appendix. The Chiribotan, 12, 3 - 8.
  • Ang, E. Z. (1967) Loricates of the Philippines. Natural and applied Science Bulletin of the University of the Philippines, 20, 383 - 464.
  • Kaas, P. & Van Belle, R. A. (1998) Catalogue of living chitons (Mollusca, Polyplacophora). Second, revised edition, W. Backhyus Publishers, Leiden, 204 pp.
  • Leloup, E. (1981 a) Chitons de Tulear, Reunion, Maurice et Tahiti. Bulletin Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, 53 (3), 1 - 46, pls 1 - 4.
  • Purchon, R. D. & Purchon, D. E. A. (1981) The marine shelled Mollusca of West Malaysia and Singpore. Part 1. General introduction and an account of the collecting stations. Journal of Molluscan Study, 47, 290 - 312.
  • Cruz, R. A. & Sotela, A. (1984) Contribucion a la biologia de Chiton stockesii [sic] (Polyplacophora: Chitonidae) de Punta Pochote, Puntarenas, Costa Rica. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 32, 61 - 68.
  • Kwon, O. K., Min, D. K., Lee, J. R., Lee, J. S., Je, J. G. & Choe, B. L. (2000) Korean mollusks with color illustration, Shell House, Busan, 332 pp.
  • Bergenhayn, J. R. M. (1930 a) Die Loricaten von Dr. Sixten Bocks Pazifik-Expedition 1917 - 1918, mit spezieller Berucksichtigung der Perinotumbildungen und der Schalenstruktur. Goteborgs Kungliga Vetenskaps - och Vitterhets-Samhalles Handlingar, (5) B, 1, 1 - 52, pls 1 - 3.
  • Leloup, E. (1933) Resultats scientifiques du voyage aux Indes Orientales neerlandaises de LL. AA. RR. le Prince et la Princesse Leopold de Belgique. Brachiopodes et Amphineures. Memoires du Musee royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, (hors serie), 2, 5 - 33, pls 1 - 2.
  • Morton, J. & Raj, U. (1981) The shore ecology of Suva and South Viti Levu, University of the South Pacific, 183 pp.
  • Ferreira, A. J. (1987) The chiton fauna of the Marquesas Islands, with the description of a new species of Plaxiphora (Mollusca Polyplacophora). Monitore zoologico italiano, N. S. Supl., 22, 177 - 191.