Chrysomphalus

Key to the species of the genus Chrysomphalus based on adult females

1a. Perivulvar pores absent (or with only 1 pair in some individuals of C. variabilis)................................ 2

1b. Perivulvar pores present............................................................................. 7

2a (1a). Prosoma heavily sclerotized; paraphysis between L2 and L3 with a double apex; perivulvar pores absent or with only 1 pair; only known on Santalum in Australia ..................................... C. variabilis McKenzie (in part)

2b. Prosoma not heavily sclerotized; paraphysis between L2 and L3 with a single apex; perivulvar pores absent.......... 3

3a (2b). L1 with rounded apices; thoracic tubercle present or absent; only known on Eucalyptus in Australia ................. 4

3b. L1 with trilobed apices; thoracic tubercle absent; not known from Australia nor on Eucalyptus ..................... 5

4a (3a). Thoracic tubercle present; second pygidial furrow each with 10-14 ducts in double rows..... C. rubribullatus Brimblecombe

4b. Thoracic tubercle absent; second pygidial furrow with less than 10 ducts in a single row.................................................................................................. C. trifasciculatus Brimblecombe

5a (3b). Plates anterior to L3 with clavate apices; L3 notched once on each side; only known on Prunus in China ................................................................................................... C. mume (Tang)

5b. Plates anterior to L3 with fringed apices; L3 with two or more lateral notches on each side........................ 6

6a (5b). L1 tri-lobed, with a notch on each side; prepygidial segments A1-A3 each with 2 macroducts; on orchids in the Philippines ............................................................................. C. nulliporus (McKenzie)

6b. L1 bi-lobed, with a notch only on lateral margin; prepygidial segments A1-A3 apparently lacking macroducts; only known on tea (Thea) in Madagascar .......................................................... C. aberrans (Mamet)

7a (1b). Prosoma heavily sclerotized, beset with fine irregular lines; only known from Australia .......................... 8

7b. Prosoma membranous, without sclerotized fine irregular lines; widespread species or those known from other regions.. 9

8a (7a). Thoracic tubercle absent; perivulvar pore groups each with no more than 2 pores; second and third pygidial furrows each with 10–14 ducts in single or double rows; first pygidial plate anterior to L3 entire; only known on Santalum from Australia ..................................................................... C. variabilis McKenzie (in part)

8b. Thoracic tubercle present; perivulvar pore groups each with 2 to 4 pores; second and third pygidial furrows with 14–16 ducts in double or triple rows; first pygidial plate anterior to L3 forked; various hosts in Australia .. C. fodiens (Maskell)

9a (7b). First two plates anterior to L3 with clavate apices....................................................... 10

9b. First two plates anterior to L3 with fringed apices...................................................... 13

10a (9a). Prepygidial segments lacking a dorsal cluster of 4 or more ducts; numerous hosts, widespread................................................................................................... C. dictyospermi (Morgan)

10b. Prepygidial segments with at least one segment with a cluster of 4 or more dorsal ducts........................ 11

11a (10b). Prepygidial segments A2 and A3 each with a submarginal dorsal cluster of ducts; pygidial furrows two and three each with ducts forming a single irregular row; numerous hosts, widespread.......................... C. bifasciculatus Ferris

11b. Only prepygidial segment A2 with a submarginal dorsal cluster of ducts; pygidial furrows two and three each with ducts forming 2 to 3 rows............................................................................... 12

12a (11b). Test including exuvia uniformly reddish-brown in color; numerous hosts, widespread.......... C. pinnulifer (Maskell)

12b. Test variable from pale black to purplish in color, with only exuvia reddish-brown in color; numerous hosts, widespread................................................................................ C. diversicolor (Green)

13a (9b). Prepygidial segment A2 with a dorsal cluster of 5 or more ducts along lateral margin; numerous hosts, widespread..................................................................................... C. aonidum (Linnaeus)

13b. Prepygidial segment A2 without a dorsal cluster of 5 or more ducts along lateral margin........................ 14

14a (13a). Second and third pygidial furrows each with 12-20 ducts; L1 notched only on outer margin...................... 15

14b. Second and third pygidial furrows each with less than 10 ducts; L1 notched on both margins or only on outer margin...... 16

15a (14a). Prepygidial segments A1, A2 and A3 with 3, 2 and 1 macroduct, respectively; on palms (Arecaceae) and Pandanus from Oriental and Pacific Island regions.................................................... C. propsimus Banks

15b. Prepygidial segment A3 with 2 or 3 macroducts; A2 with 0 or 1 macroducts and A1 without macroducts; on Nepenthes from Thailand ................................................................. C. nepenthivorus sp. nov.

16a (14b). Pygidium with 3 fringed plates present between L3 and L4, each with a pair of terminal processes; anal opening separated from base of L1 by less than 1.5x its diameter; paraphysis arising from medial angle of L1 subequal in length of that arising from anterior base of L1; on Cocos and Litsea from Seychelles .............................. C. ansei (Green)

16b. Pygidium with 4 fringed plates present between setae marking positions of L3 and L4, each without a terminal process; anal opening separated from base of L1 by more than 2x its diameter; paraphysis arising from medial margin of L1 about two-thirds length of that arising from lateral angle of L1; on Fabaceae in China .................... C. silvestrii Chou