Saissetia coffeae (Walker, 1852)

(Figs 47, 48)

Lecanium coffeae Walker, 1852: 1079.

Diagnosis. Marginal setae variable in size, mostly with fimbriate apices (Fig. 48F); 11–18 setae present between anterior and posterior stigmatic clefts on each side. Venter with multilocular disc-pores mainly present around vulvar area, plus a few pores present laterad of meta- and mesocoxa (Fig. 48I); tubular ducts of 3 types: type I each with a broad inner ductule, present on medial submarginal area, and few ducts present around meso- and procoxa; type II each with a narrow inner ductule, present on inner submarginal area and medial area of thorax and abdomen; and type III each with a filamentous inner ductule, present on outer submarginal area (Figs 47C, 48L) (partially adopted from Williams & Watson 1990; Choi & Lee 2017b).

Material examined. 5 ♀♀, LAOS, Kham Dist., Xiangkhoang Prov., 2.v.2015, coll. J.Y. Choi, on Citrus sp. (Rutaceae).

Hosts. Polyphagous. According to García Morales et al. (2016), S. coffeae has been recorded from plants belonging to 290 genera in 106 families.

Distribution. All zoogeographical regions; Oriental Region (India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam) (Waterhouse 1993; García Morales et al. 2016).

Economic importance. Hamon & Williams (1984) and Alford (2012) considered S. coffeae to be a pest on a variety of ornamental plants; it was also listed as a pest of coffee in Ethiopia (Abebe 1987) and of citrus in Mediterranean countries (Franco et al. 2006). In addition, Rosen et al. (1971) and Ricalde et al. (2015) noted that S. coffeae is one of the main pests on olives (Olea europaea) in Israel and Brazil.

Remarks. Saissetia coffeae differs from other Saissetia species in having 3 types of ventral tubular ducts in the submarginal areas. It is similar to S. bobuae Takahashi in having ventral tubular ducts with broad inner ductules, but differs in having the following combination of character states (character states of S. bobuae in parenthesis): (i) dorsal tubercles present (absent), (ii) marginal setae mostly with fimbriate apices (with pointed apices), and (iii) antenna 8 segmented (7 segmented) (Tao et al. 1983; Williams & Watson 1990).