Empirical Formulas for Performance Prediction of Concrete Embedded Antenna

To mitigate the space occupation and aesthetic problems of indoor dense small cell deployment, a microstrip antenna with multiple layer configuration operating at 3.5 GHz is embedded in concrete all for indoor communication. The impact of embedding depth and concrete dielectric constant on antenna gain and input reactance are investigated, and simple empirical formulas are obtained based on full-wave simulation. The results in present work provide a good guidance to antenna designers and architects for concrete embedded antenna deployment and communication-friendly building materials selection.