Published November 24, 2010
| Version v1
Journal article
Restricted
The anatomy of the basal ornithischian dinosaur Eocursor parvus from the lower Elliot Formation (Late Triassic) of South Africa
Creators
Description
Butler, Richard J. (2010): The anatomy of the basal ornithischian dinosaur Eocursor parvus from the lower Elliot Formation (Late Triassic) of South Africa. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 160 (4): 648-684, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00631.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00631.x
Files
Linked records
Additional details
Identifiers
- LSID
- urn:lsid:plazi.org:pub:D52DFF998326FFA3C90D1E56FFA9FFC3
- URL
- http://publication.plazi.org/id/D52DFF998326FFA3C90D1E56FFA9FFC3
References
- Baez AM, Marsicano CA. 2001. A heterodontosaurid ornithischian dinosaur from the Upper Triassic of Patagonia. Ameghiniana 38: 271-279.
- Barrett PM. 2000. Prosauropod dinosaurs and iguanas: speculations on the diets of extinct reptiles. In: Sues H-D, ed. Evolution of herbivory in terrestrial vertebrates. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 42-78.
- Barrett PM. 2001. Tooth wear and possible jaw action of Scelidosaurus harrisonii Owen and a review of feeding mechanisms in other thyreophoran dinosaurs. In: Carpenter K, ed. The armored dinosaurs. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 25-52.
- Barrett PM, Butler RJ, Knoll F. 2005. Small-bodied ornithischian dinosaurs from the Middle Jurassic of Sichuan, China. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25: 823-834.
- Barrett PM, Butler RJ, Novas FE, Moore-Fay S, Moody JM, Clark JM, Sanchez-Villagra MR. 2008. Dinosaur remains from the La Quinta Formation (Lower or Middle Jurassic) of the Venezuelan Andes. Palaontologische Zeitschrift 82: 163-177.
- Benton MJ. 1983. Dinosaur success in the Triassic: a noncompetitive ecological model. Quarterly Review of Biology 58: 29-55.
- Benton MJ. 1986. The Late Triassic tetrapod extinction events. In: Padian K, ed. The beginning of the age of dinosaurs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 303-320.
- Benton MJ. 1994. Late Triassic to Middle Jurassic extinctions among continental tetrapods: testing the pattern. In: Fraser NC, Sues H-D, eds. In the shadow of the dinosaurs: early Mesozoic tetrapods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 366-397.
- Bonaparte JF. 1976. Pisanosaurus mertii Casamiquela and the origin of the Ornithischia. Journal of Paleontology 50: 808-820.
- Brochu CA. 1996. Closure of neurocentral sutures during crocodilian ontogeny: Implications for maturity assessment in fossil archosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 16: 49-62.
- Brusatte SL, Benton MJ, Ruta M, Lloyd GT. 2008. The first 50 Myr of dinosaur evolution: macroevolutionary pattern and morphological disparity. Biology Letters 4: 733- 736.
- Butler RJ. 2005. The 'fabrosaurid' ornithischian dinosaurs of the Upper Elliot Formation (Lower Jurassic) of South Africa and Lesotho. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 145: 175-218.
- Butler RJ, Barrett PM, Gower DJ. 2009. Postcranial skeletal pneumaticity and air-sacs in the earliest pterosaurs. Biology Letters 5: 557-560.
- Butler RJ, Porro LB, Heckert AB. 2006. A supposed heterodontosaurid tooth from the Rhaetian of Switzerland and a reassessment of the European Late Triassic record of Ornithischia (Dinosauria). Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie, Monatshefte 10: 613-633.
- Butler RJ, Porro LB, Norman DB. 2008a. A juvenile skull of the primitive ornithischian dinosaur Heterodontosaurus tucki from the 'Stormberg' of southern Africa. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28: 702-711.
- Butler RJ, Smith RMH, Norman DB. 2007. A primitive ornithischian dinosaur from the Late Triassic of South Africa, and the early evolution and diversification of Ornithischia. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 274: 2041-2046.
- Butler RJ, Upchurch P, Norman DB. 2008b. The phylogeny of the ornithischian dinosaurs. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 6: 1-40.
- Casamiquela RM. 1967. Un nuevo dinosaurio ornitisquio Triasico (Pisanosaurus mertii; Ornithopoda) de la Formacion Ischigualasto, Argentina. Ameghiniana 4: 47-64.
- Charig AJ, Crompton AW. 1974. The alleged synonymy of Lycorhinus and Heterodontosaurus. Annals of the South African Museum 64: 167-189.
- Chatterjee S. 1984. A new ornithischian dinosaur from the Triassic of North America. Naturwissenschaften 71: 630- 631.
- Colbert EH. 1981. A primitive ornithischian dinosaur from the Kayenta Formation of Arizona. Bulletin of the Museum of Northern Arizona 53: 1-61.
- Colbert EH. 1989. The Triassic dinosaur Coelophysis. Bulletin of the Museum of Northern Arizona 57: 1-160.
- Coombs WP. 1978. Theoretical aspects of cursorial adaptations in dinosaurs. Quarterly Review of Biology 53: 393-418.
- Crompton AW, Charig AJ. 1962. A new ornithischian from the Upper Triassic of South Africa. Nature 196: 1074- 1077.
- Cuny G, Hunt A, Mazin J-M, Rauscher R. 2000. Teeth of enigmatic neoselachian sharks and an ornithischian dinosaur from the uppermost Triassic of Lons-le-Saunier (Jura, France). Palaontologische Zeitschrift 74: 171-185.
- Currie PJ. 1997. Braincase anatomy. In: Currie PJ, Padian K, eds. Encyclopedia of dinosaurs. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 81-85.
- Dilkes DW. 2000. Appendicular myology of the hadrosaurian dinosaur Maiasaura peeblesorum from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) of Montana. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth Sciences 90: 87-125.
- Dzik J. 2003. A beaked herbivorous archosaur with dinosaur affinities from the early Late Triassic of Poland. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 556-574.
- Edmund AG. 1957. On the special foramina in the jaws of many ornithischian dinosaurs. Contributions of the Royal Ontario Museum, Division of Zoology and Palaeontology 48: 1-14.
- Galton PM. 1971. The mode of life of Hypsilophodon, the supposedly arboreal ornithopod dinosaur. Lethaia 4: 453- 465.
- Galton PM. 1974. The ornithischian dinosaur Hypsilophodon from the Wealden of the Isle of Wight. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology 25: 1-152c.
- Galton PM. 1983. The cranial anatomy of Dryosaurus, a hypsilophodontid dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic of North America and East Africa, with a review of hypsilophodontids from the Upper Jurassic of North America. Geologica et Palaeontologica 17: 207-243.
- Galton PM. 1986. Herbivorous adaptations of Late Triassic and Early Jurassic dinosaurs. In: Padian K, ed. The beginning of the age of dinosaurs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 203-221.
- Galton PM. 1989. Crania and endocranial casts from ornithopod dinosaurs of the families Dryosauridae and Hypsilophodontidae (Reptilia: Ornithischia). Geologica et Palaeontologica 23: 217-239.
- Galton PM. 1997. Cranial anatomy of the basal hypsilophodontid dinosaur Thescelosaurus neglectus Gilmore (Ornithischia: Ornithopoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of North America. Revue de Paleobiologie, Geneve 16: 231-258.
- Galton PM, Jensen JA. 1973. Skeleton of a hypsilophodontid dinosaur (Nanosaurus (?) rex) from the Upper Jurassic of Utah. Brigham Young University Geology Studies 20: 137- 157.
- Galton PM, Van Heerden J. 1998. Anatomy of the prosauropod dinosaur Blikanosaurus cromptoni (Upper Triassic, South Africa), with notes on the other tetrapods from the lower Elliot Formation. Palaontologische Zeitschrift 72: 163-177.
- Godefroit P, Cuny G. 1997. Archosauriform teeth from the Upper Triassic of Saint-Nicholas-de-Port (northeastern France). Palaeovertebrata 26: 1-34.
- Godefroit P, Cuny G, Delsate D, Roche M. 1998. Late Triassic vertebrates from Syren (Luxembourg). Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie, Abhandlungen 210: 305-343.
- Godefroit P, Knoll F. 2003. Late Triassic dinosaur teeth from southern Belgium. Comptes Rendus Palevol 2: 3-11.
- Gow CE. 1975. A new heterodontosaurid from the Red Beds of South Africa showing clear evidence of tooth replacement. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 57: 335-339.
- Gow CE. 1990. A tooth-bearing maxilla referable to Lycorhinus angustidens Haughton, 1924 (Dinosauria, Ornithischia). Annals of the South African Museum 99: 367-380.
- Gower DJ. 2001. Possible postcranial pneumaticity in the last common ancestor of birds and crocodilians: evidence from Erythrosuchus and other Mesozoic archosaurs. Naturwissenschaften 88: 119-122.
- Gower DJ, Schoch RR. 2009. The postcranial skeleton of the rauisuchian Batrachotomus kupferzellensis. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29: 103-122.
- Haubold H. 1990. Ein neuer Dinosaurier (Ornithischia, Thyreophora) aus dem unteren Jura des nordlichen Mitteleuropa. Revue de Paleobiologie 9: 149-177.
- He X-L, Cai K. 1984. [The Middle Jurassic dinosaurian fauna from Dashanpu, Zigong, Sichuan. Volume 1. The ornithopod dinosaurs]. Chengdu, Sichuan: Sichuan Scientific and Technological Publishing House, (in Chinese with English summary).
- Heckert AB. 2002. A revision of the Upper Triassic ornithischian dinosaur Revueltosaurus, with a description of a new species. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 21: 253-268.
- Heckert AB. 2004. Late Triassic microvertebrates from the lower Chinle Group (Otischalkian-Adamanian: Carnian), southwestern U.S.A. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 27: 1-170.
- Heckert AB. 2005. Kryzanowskisaurus, a new name for a probable ornithischian dinosaur from the Upper Triassic Chinle Group, Arizona and New Mexico, USA. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 29: 77-83.
- Hopson JA. 1975. On the generic separation of the ornithischian dinosaurs Lycorhinus and Heterodontosaurus from the Stormberg Series (Upper Triassic of South Africa). South African Journal of Science 71: 302-305.
- Horner JR, Weishampel DB. 1988. A comparative embryological study of two ornithischian dinosaurs. Nature 332: 256-257.
- Horner JR, Weishampel DB, Forster CA. 2004. Hadrosauridae. In: Weishampel DB, Dodson P, Osmolska H, eds. The Dinosauria (second hardback edition). Berkeley, CA: California University Press, 438-463.
- Hunt AP. 1989. A new ?ornithischian dinosaur from the Bull Canyon Formation (Upper Triassic) of east-central New Mexico. In: Lucas SG, Hunt AP, eds. The dawn of the age of dinosaurs in the American Southwest. Albuquerque: New Mexico Museum of Natural History, 355-358.
- Hunt AP, Lucas SG. 1994. Ornithischian dinosaurs from the Upper Triassic of the United States. In: Fraser NC, Sues H-D, eds. In the shadow of the dinosaurs: early Mesozoic tetrapods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 227- 241.
- Irmis RB. 2007. Axial skeleton ontogeny in the Parasuchia (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia) and its implications for ontogenetic determination in archosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27: 350-361.
- Irmis RB, Knoll F. 2008. New ornithischian dinosaur material from the Lower Jurassic Lufeng Formation of China. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie, Abhandlungen 247: 117-128.
- Irmis RB, Nesbitt SJ, Padian K, Smith ND, Turner AH, Woody D, Downs A. 2007b. A Late Triassic dinosauromorph assemblage from New Mexico and the rise of dinosaurs. Science 317: 358-361.
- Irmis RB, Parker W, Nesbitt SJ. 2005. Critical review of the Late Triassic dinosaur record, part 2: Ornithischia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25 (suppl): 73A.
- Irmis RB, Parker WG, Nesbitt SJ, Liu J. 2007a. Early ornithischian dinosaurs: the Triassic record. Historical Biology 19: 3-22.
- Kitching JW, Raath MA. 1984. Fossils from the Elliot and Clarens formations (Karoo sequence) of the northeastern Cape, Orange Free State and Lesotho, and a suggested biozonation based on tetrapods. Palaeontologia Africana 25: 111-125.
- Knoll F. 2002a. Nearly complete skull of Lesothosaurus (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Upper Elliot Formation (Lower Jurassic: Hettangian) of Lesotho. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22: 238-243.
- Knoll F. 2002b. New skull of Lesothosaurus (Dinosauria: Omithischia) from the Upper Elliot Formation (Lower Jurassic) of southern Africa. Geobios 35: 595-603.
- Knoll F. 2004. Review of the tetrapod fauna of the 'Lower Stormberg Group' of the main Karoo Basin (southern Africa): implication for the age of the Lower Elliot Formation. Bulletin de la Societe Geologique de France 175: 73-83.
- Knoll F, Battail B. 2001. New ornithischian remains from the Upper Elliot Formation (Lower Jurassic) of Lesotho and stratigraphical distribution of southern African fabrosaurids. Geobios 34: 415-421.
- Langer MC. 2003. The pelvic and hind limb anatomy of the stem-sauropodomorph Saturnalia tupiniquim (Late Triassic, Brazil). PaleoBios 23: 1-40.
- Langer MC. 2004. Basal Saurischia. In: Weishampel DB, Dodson P, Osmolska H, eds. The Dinosauria (second hardback edition). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 25-46.
- Langer MC, Benton MJ. 2006. Early dinosaurs: a phylogenetic study. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 4: 309- 358.
- Langer MC, Franca MAG, Gabriel S. 2007. The pectoral girdle and forelimb anatomy of the stem-sauropodomorph Saturnalia tupiniquim (Upper Triassic, Brazil). Special Papers in Palaeontology 77: 113-137.
- Lee AH, Werning S. 2008. Sexual maturity in growing dinosaurs does not fit reptilian growth models. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 105: 582- 587.
- Lucas SG, Hancox PJ. 2001. Tetrapod-based correlation of the nonmarine Upper Triassic of southern Africa. Albertiana 25: 5-9.
- Martinez RN, Alcobar OA. 2009. A basal sauropodomorph (Dinosauria: Saurischia) from the Ischigualasto Formation (Triassic, Carnian) and the early evolution of Sauropodomorpha. PLoS ONE 4: e4397.doi:10.1371/ journal.pone.0004397.
- Nesbitt SJ. 2005. Osteology of the Middle Triassic pseudosuchian archosaur Arizonasaurus babbitti. Historical Biology 17: 19-47.
- Nesbitt SJ. 2007. The anatomy of Effigia okeeffeae (Archosauria, Suchia), theropod-like convergence, and the distribution of related taxa. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 302: 1-84.
- Norman DB, Barrett PM. 2002. Ornithischian dinosaurs from the Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian) of England. Special Papers in Palaeontology 68: 161-189.
- Norman DB, Butler RJ, Maidment SCH. 2007. Reconsidering the status and affinities of the ornithischian dinosaur Tatisaurus oehleri Simmons, 1965. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150: 865-874.
- Norman DB, Sues H-D, Witmer LM, Coria RA. 2004b. Basal Ornithopoda. In: Weishampel DB, Dodson P, Osmolska H, eds. The Dinosauria (second hardback edition). Berkeley, CA: California University Press, 393-412.
- Norman DB, Witmer LM, Weishampel DB. 2004a. Basal Ornithischia. In: Weishampel DB, Dodson P, Osmolska H, eds. The Dinosauria (second hardback edition). Berkeley, CA: California University Press, 325-334.
- Novas FE. 1993. New information on the systematics and postcranial skeleton of Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis (Theropoda: Herrerasauridae) from the Ischigualasto Formation (Upper Triassic) of Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 13: 400-423.
- Novas FE. 1996. Dinosaur monophyly. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 16: 723-741.
- Owen R. 1842. Report on British fossil reptiles. Reports of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 11: 60-204.
- Owen R. 1861. Monograph on the fossil Reptilia of the Liassic formations. Part 1. A monograph of a fossil dinosaur (Scelidosaurus harrisonii Owen) of the Lower Lias. Monographs of the Palaeontographical Society 13: 1-14.
- Owen R. 1863. A monograph on the Fossil Reptilia of the Liassic formations. Part 2. A monograph of a fossil dinosaur (Scelidosaurus harrisonii Owen) of the Lower Lias. Monographs of the Palaeontographical Society 14: 1-26.
- Padian K. 1986. On the type material of Coelophysis Cope (Saurischia: Theropoda), and a new specimen from the Petrified Forest of Arizona (Late Triassic: Chinle Formation. In: Padian K, ed. The beginning of the age of dinosaurs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 203-221.
- Padian K. 1990. The ornithischian form genus Revueltosaurus from the Petrified Forest of Arizona (Late Triassic: Norian; Chinle Formation). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 10: 268-269.
- Padian K, Horner JR, de Ricqles A. 2004. Growth in small dinosaurs and pterosaurs: the evolution of archosaurian growth strategies. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24: 555-571.
- Parker WG. 2008. Description of new material of the aetosaur Desmatosuchus spurensis (Archosauria: Suchia) from the Chinle Formation of Arizona and a revision of the genus Desmatosuchus. PaleoBios 28: 1-40.
- Parker WG, Irmis RB, Nesbitt SJ, Martz JW, Browne LS. 2005. The Late Triassic pseudosuchian Revueltosaurus callenderi and its implications for the diversity of early ornithischian dinosaurs. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 272: 963-969.
- Peng G. 1992. [Jurassic ornithopod Agilisaurus louderbacki (Ornithopoda: Fabrosauridae) from Zigong, Sichuan, China.]. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 30: 39-51. [in Chinese, with English summary].
- Rauhut OWM. 2003. The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special Papers in Palaeontology 69: 1-215.
- Rosenbaum JN, Padian K. 2000. New material of the basal thyreophoran Scutellosaurus lawleri from the Kayenta Formation (Lower Jurassic) of Arizona. PaleoBios 20: 13-23.
- Santa Luca AP. 1980. The postcranial skeleton of Heterodontosaurus tucki (Reptilia, Ornithischia) from the Stormberg of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum 79: 159-211.
- Santa Luca AP. 1984. Postcranial remains of Fabrosauridae (Reptilia: Ornithischia) from the Stormberg of Southern Africa. Palaeontologia Africana 25: 151-180.
- Seeley HG. 1887. On the classification of the fossil animals commonly named Dinosauria. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 43: 165-171.
- Sereno PC. 1986. Phylogeny of the bird-hipped dinosaurs (Order Ornithischia). National Geographic Research 2: 234- 256.
- Sereno PC. 1991. Lesothosaurus, 'fabrosaurids,' and the early evolution of Ornithischia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 11: 168-197.
- Sereno PC. 1993. The pectoral girdle and forelimb of the basal theropod Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 13: 425-450.
- Sereno PC. 1997. The origin and evolution of dinosaurs. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 25: 435- 489.
- Sereno PC. 1999. The evolution of dinosaurs. Science 284: 2137-2147.
- Sereno PC, Arcucci AB. 1994. Dinosaurian precursors from the Middle Triassic of Argentina: Marasuchus lilloensis, gen. nov. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 14: 53-73.
- Sereno PC, Novas FE. 1993. The skull and neck of the basal theropod Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 13: 451-476.
- Sues H-D. 1980. Anatomy and relationships of a new hypsilophodontid dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of North America. Palaeontographica, Abteilung A 169: 51-72.
- Tatarinov LP. 1985. New data on a collection of tetrapod teeth from the Rhaetian of Hallau (Switzerland). Paleontological Journal 19: 138-140.
- Thulborn RA. 1970a. The skull of Fabrosaurus australis, a Triassic ornithischian dinosaur. Palaeontology 13: 414- 432.
- Thulborn RA. 1970b. The systematic position of the Triassic ornithischian dinosaur Lycorhinus angustidens. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 49: 235-245.
- Thulborn RA. 1971. Tooth wear and jaw action in the Triassic ornithischian dinosaur Fabrosaurus. Journal of Zoology 164: 165-179.
- Thulborn RA. 1972. The postcranial skeleton of the Triassic ornithischian dinosaur Fabrosaurus australis. Palaeontology 15: 29-60.
- Thulborn RA. 1974. A new heterodontosaurid dinosaur (Reptilia: Ornithischia) from the Upper Triassic Red Beds of Lesotho. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 55: 151- 175.
- Tykoski RS. 2005. Vertebrate paleontology in the Arizona Jurassic. Mesa Southwest Museum Bulletin 11: 72-93.
- Wedel MJ. 2007. What pneumaticity tells us about 'prosauropods', and vice versa. Special Papers in Palaeontology 77: 207-222.
- Weinbaum JC, Hungerbuhler A. 2007. A revision of Poposaurus gracilis (Archosauria: Suchia) based on two new specimens from the Late Triassic of the southwestern USA. Palaontologische Zeitschrift 81: 131-145.
- Weishampel DB. 1984. Evolution of jaw mechanisms in ornithopod dinosaurs. Advances in Anatomy, Embryology and Cell Biology 87: 1-110.
- Weishampel DB, Dodson P, Osmolska H. 2004. The Dinosauria (second hardback edition). Berkeley, CA: California University Press.
- Welles SP. 1984. Dilophosaurus wetherilli (Dinosauria, Theropoda), osteology and comparisons. Palaeontographica A 185: 85-180.
- Welman J. 1999. The basicranium of a basal prosauropod from the Euskelosaurus range zone and thoughts on the origins of dinosaurs. Journal of African Earth Sciences 29: 227-232.
- Wilson JA. 1999. A nomenclature for vertebral laminae in sauropods and other saurischian dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19: 639-653.
- Xu X, Forster CA, Clark JM, Mo J. 2006. A basal ceratopsian with transitional features from the Late Jurassic of northwestern China. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 273: 2135-2140.
- Yates AM. 2003. A definite prosauropod dinosaur from the Lower Elliot Formation (Norian: Upper Triassic) of South Africa. Palaeontologia Africana 39: 63-68.
- Yates AM. 2005. The skull of the Triassic sauropodomorph Melanosaurus readi, from South Africa, and the definition of Sauropoda. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25 (Suppl): 132A.
- Yates AM. 2007. The first complete skull of the Triassic dinosaur Melanorosaurus Haughton (Sauropodomorpha: Anchisauria). Special Papers in Palaeontology 77: 9-55.
- You H-L, Xu X, Wang X-L. 2003. A new genus of Psittacosauridae (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) and the origin and early evolution of marginocephalian dinosaurs. Acta Geologica Sinica 77: 15-20.