Empididae

Key to aquatic Empididae of the Sierra Nevada mountains

(key written primarily for male specimens)

1 Eyes bare, lacking ommatrichia; labellum not sucker-like; costal margin with simple setae.... HEMERODROMIINAE … 2

- Eyes with dense ommatrichia; labellum usually sucker-like; anterior costal margin of wing with stout erect setae intermixed among longitudinal rows of simple setae.................................................. CLINOCERINAE ... 5

2 Cell cua (anal cell) and crossvein bm-cu absent (discal cell absent); R1 meeting costa before middle of wing............................................................................................ Hemerodromia Meigen ... 3

- Cells cua (anal cell) and dm present (crossvein bm-cu present); R1 meeting costa beyond middle of wing.................................................................................................. Chelifera Macquart … 4

3 Male cercus with inner digitiform process bearing 4 apical peg-like setae; apex of cercus slender, not expanded (Collin 1961, fig. 301)..................................................................... Hemerodromia baetica Collin

- Male cercus with slender inner process with 2 lateral setae, lacking peg-like apical setae; apex of cercus expanded, nearly as broad as epandrium (Figs 2, 3)................................... Hemerodromia planti Ivkoviċ & Sinclair, sp. nov.

4 Male cercus held erect, very long, broad and apex rounded with digitiform process at middle on posterior edge (Collin 1961, fig. 288).................................................................... Chelifera stigmatica (Schiner)

- Male cercus held horizontal, flat, narrow, inner dorsal margin with row of spine-like setae; apex tapered and lacking additional lobes (Vaillant & Chvála 1973, fig. 2)..................................... Chelifera vockerothi (Vaillant & Chvála)

5 Neck arising high on occiput, from near top of head............................... Dolichocephala guttata (Haliday)

- Neck near centre of occiput or level with centre of eye....................................................... 6

6 Lower margin of face lacking notch or deep cleft above mouthparts; phallus lacking apical filament.. Clinocera Meigen … 7

- Lower margin of face with notch or deep cleft; phallus with articulated apical filament.............................. 9

7 Comb of preapical anterior setae on fore femur absent; postpronotal seta reduced, shorter and thinner than notopleural setae; postsutural supra-alar setae absent........................................................... C. nigra Meigen

- Comb of preapical anterior setae on fore femur present; postpronotal seta well developed, similar to scutal setae; postsutural supra-alar setae present................................................................................ 8

8 Base of R4 with short spur or appendix (Sinclair 1999, fig. 1); wing without clouding; femora entirely dark brown..................................................................................... C. appendiculata (Zetterstedt)

- Base of R4 without short spur or appendix; wings with faint clouding about crossveins; apex of femora (“knees”) light brown, compared to bluish pruinescent femur.................................................... C. stagnalis (Haliday)

9 Face with setulae along inner margin of eye................................................. Kowarzia Mik … 10

- Face bare, without setulae along inner margin of eye........................................................ 14

10 Apex of male surstylus forked.......................................................................... 11

- Apex of male surstylus simple, unforked.................................................................. 12

11 Scutum with a narrow, dull, dark central stripe between two more shining bluish stripes; clasping cercus strongly bent; sursty- lus deeply forked (Collin 1961, fig. 314c)......................................... Kowarzia bipunctata (Haliday)

- Scutum very indistinctly striped, dull; clasping cercus straight, apex slightly hooked; surstylus with shallow apical fork (Fig. 6)............................................................. Kowarzia nevadensis Sinclair & Ivkoviċ, sp. nov.

12 Surstylus as broad as clasping cercus; clasping cercus strongly curved at middle, generally similar in width until apex (Vaillant 1965, figs 3b, d)................................................................ Kowarzia madicola (Vaillant)

- Surstylus long and slender, much thinner than clasping cercus................................................ 13

13 Surstylus with apex clothed in short dense setae (Collin 1961, fig. 314b)................... Kowarzia tenella (Wahlberg)

- Surstylus with setae confined to dorsal margin (Collin 1961, fig. 314a)....................... Kowarzia barbatula Mik

14 Wings with distinct spots; pterostigma clearly outlined, elliptical................ Phaeobalia lyneborgi Vaillant & Chvála

- Wings lacking spots; pterostigma either both faint and elongate or dark and circular........ Wiedemannia Zetterstedt … 15

15 Pterostigma rounded, usually very distinct; male clasping cercus elongate and slender, extending obliquely from epandrium (Wagner 1990, fig. 2)........................................... Wiedemannia (Wiedemannia) nevadensis Wagner

- Pterostigma elongate and usually faint; clasping cercus variable................................................ 16

16 Acrostichals only present anterior to second dorsocentral setae............. Wiedemannia (Roederella) ouedorum Vaillant

- Acrostichals extending to at least prescutellar depression.................................................... 17

17 Legs yellowish brown; fore femur with distinct preapical anterior seta; clasping cercus very pale brown (Figs 5, 8)...................................................................... Wiedemannia darioi Sinclair & Ivkoviċ, sp. nov.

- Legs brown to black, often with blue pruinescence; anterior setae if present one-third to one-fourth from apex of fore femur; clasping cercus brown to black......................................................................... 18

18 Fore femur with a small distinct anterior seta at about one-fourth from apex; clasping cercus held vertically, long, slender and parallel-sided, yellow, nearly twice as long as width of epandrium (Collin 1961, fig. 313c).............................................................................................. Wiedemannia (Chamaedipsia) lota Walker

- Fore femur lacking anterior seta on apical third or with several short setae one-third from apex; clasping cercus not parallel- sided, less than twice width of epandrium, colour variable................................................... 19

19 Clasping cercus undivided (Fig. 10)............................... Wiedemannia horvati Ivkoviċ & Sinclair, sp. nov.

- Clasping cercus bilobed.............................................................................. 20

20 Clasping cercus oval, with shallow notch separating lobes; length of anterior lobe less than twice its basal width........ 21

- Clasping cercus elongate, longer than wide, with deep notch separating lobes; length of anterior lobe more than twice its basal width............................................................................................. 22

21 Distiphallus without spinous swelling at middle; posterior margin of clasping cercus rounded (Vaillant 1967, figs 3, 4)....................................................................... Wiedemannia (Philolutra) angelieri Vaillant

- Distiphallus with spinous swelling at middle; posterior margin of clasping cercus truncate or angular (Figs 11, 12).................................................................... Wiedemannia vedranae Ivkoviċ & Sinclair, sp. nov.

22 Anterior lobe broader than posterior lobe (Vaillant & Chvála 1973, fig. 11).................................................................................................. Wiedemannia (Philolutra) veletica Vaillant & Chvála

- Anterior lobe slender, narrower than posterior lobe......................................................... 23

23 Anterior lobe arising at base of clasping cercus (Vaillant 1950, fig. 20)........ Wiedemannia (Philolutra) fallaciosa (Loew)

- Anterior lobe arising at middle of clasping cercus (Vaillant 1950, fig. 19)........ Wiedemannia (Philolutra) aquilex (Loew)