Halechiniscus perfectus Schulz 1955

80. Halechiniscus perfectus Schulz, 1955

Halechiniscus Guiteli Richters (Grell 1937)

Halechiniscus guiteli (Grell 1939)

Halechiniscus perfectus nov. spec. (Schulz, 1955)

? Halechiniscus perfectus Schulz, 1955 (Renaud-Mornant 1976a) Halechiniscus perfectus Schulz 1955 (D’Addabbo Gallo et al. 1978) H. perfectus, Schulz 1955 (Grimaldi de Zio et al. 1983b)

Halechiniscus perfectus (Grimaldi de Zio et al. 1980a, Jrgensen et al. 2010) Terra typica: Mediterranean Sea (France, Europe)

Adriatic Sea:

• 40°53′15′′N, 17°23′30′′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Brindisi Province, Torre Egnazia, intertidal, medium calcareous sand. Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1983b)

• 40°13′42′′N, 18°27′40′′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Lecce Province, Frassanito, intertidal, medium-fine sand, mainly siliceous (61%). Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1983b)

Alboran Sea:

• 35°11′N, 02°26′W; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Morocco, Chafarinas Islands, Congreso Island [Isla del Congres], sublittoral mixed environment. Villora-Moreno & Grimaldi de Zio (1996)

Atlantic Ocean:

• 61°17′42′′N, 08°32′18′′W; 104–260 m bsl: [FAO27] Faroe Islands, Faroe Bank, shell gravel, coarse shell gravel, carbonate fine sand, carbonate sand, or fine shell sand. Hansen et al. (2001)

• 58°01′N, 05°24′W; 16 m bsl: [FAO27] UK, Scotland, Highland County, Summer Isles, S-E shore of Tanera Mor, the anchorage near salmon cages, sand. Morgan & O'Reilly (1988)

• 00°56′N, 29°22′W; 8, 12 and 27 m bsl: [FAO34] Brazil, Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago, ca. 1100 km from city of Natal, coarse biogenic sand. Moura et al. (2009)

Balearic Sea:

• 43°32′N, 03°56′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] France, Languedoc-Roussillon Region, Palavas. Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1980a)

Celtic Sea:

• 47°55′N, 07°05′W; 170 m bsl: [FAO27] France, Brittany Region, continental shelf, near Brest, shelly detritus rather coarse. Renaud-Mornant (1970c, 1971)

Coral Sea:

• 21°39′S, 165°78′E: [FAO71] Undefined locality, New Caledonia, surface film. Salvat & Renaud-Mornant (1969)

• 22°02′41′′S, 165°59′48′′E; 18 m bsl: [FAO71] New Caledonia, Saint Vincent Bay, “Coupe V 13 A de la radiale, coarse sand, gray sand or sediment in seagrass. Renaud-Mornant (1967b)

Indian Ocean:

• 03°57′N, 73°25′E; 6 m bsl: [FAO51] Republic of the Maldives, Male Sud Atoll, coarse sand. Gallo et al. (2007)

Ionian Sea:

• 40°22′25′′N, 17°18′18′′E [40°21′N, 17°22′E]; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Tarento Province, Marina di Pulsano, intertidal, 2.5 m from the shoreline and 20 cm deep, medium coarse sand (max 0.841 mm) with high calcareous percentage (96%). Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1980b, 1983b)

• 40°21′N, 17°23′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Taranto Province, Marina di Pulsano, Lido conche, beach, 2.5 m of the shoreline, 15 cm deep in sand, coarse sand (0.841 mm). D’Addabbo Gallo et al. (1978)

• 40°08′N, 17°59′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Lecce Province, Santa Caterina, beach, 1 m of the coast line, 35 cm deep in sand, medium sand (max 0.354 mm). D’Addabbo Gallo et al. (1978), Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1980b) • 40°03′00′′N, 18°00′00′′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Lecce Province, near Gallipoli, Lido Conchiglie, intertidal, medium sand, mainly calcareous (97%). Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1983b)

• 39°50′40′′N, 18°10′15′′E [39°51′N, 18°11′E]; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Lecce Province, Lido Marini, intertidal, medium coarse sand. Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1983b, 2003)

Mediterranean Sea:

• 42°29′N, 03°08′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Type Locality: France, Languedoc-Roussillon Region, Banylus [Banylus-sur-Mer], medium sand. Schulz (1955)

• 43°18′N, 05°21′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] France, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur Region, Marseille. Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1980a)

North Sea:

• 54°11′N, 07°53′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO27] Germany, Schleswig-Holstein State, Helgoland Island, Skitt-Gatts, dune, sand. Grell (1937, 1939), Schulz (1955)

Pacific Ocean:

• 22°14′S, 138°44′W; 45 m bsl: [FAO77] French Polynesia, Atoll Fangataufa, 1 cm depth, coral sand. Renaud- Mornant (1976a)

• 21°36′N, 157°54′W; 0 m bsl: [FAO77] USA, Hawaii State, Hawaii Islands, Oahu Island, Kaluanui Beach. Jørgensen et al. (2010)

Tyrrhenian Sea:

• 40°50′N, 14°16′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Province of Naples, Naples, Gulf of Naples, Amphioxus sand. Schulz (1955)

• 40°50′N, 14°18′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Province of Naples, Napoli Gulf [Gulf of Naples]. Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)

• 37°34′50′′N, 12°50′38′′E [37°35′N, 12°50′E]; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Sicily, Trapani Province, Selinunte, intertidal, medium sand, mainly calcareous. Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1983b)

Record numbers (Sea/Ocean classification): Adriatic Sea: 2, Alboran Sea: 1, Atlantic Ocean: 3, Balearic Sea: 1, Celtic Sea: 1, Coral Sea: 2, Indian Ocean: 1, Ionian Sea: 5, Mediterranean Sea: 2, North Sea: 1, Pacific Ocean: 2, Tyrrhenian Sea: 3; total: 24.

Record numbers (FAO classification): FAO27: 4, FAO34: 1, FAO37: 14, FAO51: 1, FAO71: 2, FAO77: 2; total: 24.

Remarks: This is a relatively widely distributed species, but mainly in the southern hemisphere where it is known from temperate and tropical zones. Reported from intertidal and subtidal sand down to ca. 170 m bsl.