Semanotus

Key to species of North American Semanotus

1. Pronotum goblet shaped, rounded laterally, constricted and sinuate near base forming a short, wide pedicel between pronotum and base of elytra (Fig 4A); meso- and metatibia of female without row of long, erect setae along outside lateral edge; elytra unicolorous metallic purple, blue or black; large species [length 12–30 mm]....................................... 2

- Pronotum rounded to angulate laterally, often constricted towards base but not forming a distinct pedicel between pronotum and base of elytra (Fig 4 B); meso- and metabia of female usually with distinct row of very long, erect setae along outside lateral edge; smaller species, often with elytra maculate with either spots or bands....................................3

2(1) Elytra metallic dark blue to purple (Fig 7 A); host cedars................................... S. amethystinus (LeConte)

- Elytra metallic black (Fig 7 B); host junipers.................................................. S. juniperi (Fisher)

3(1) Mandible with large median tooth on the molar surface (Fig. 4 C); labrum short and wide, rectangular (Fig. 4 C); elytra with a conspicuous, regular, moderately dense row of semi-erect to erect setae along suture extending from base to very near apex (Fig 4 E); outer angle of mandible forming an angle with base near 90o............................................ 4

- Mandible without median tooth (Fig. 4 D); labrum long and wide, usually trapezoidal (Fig. 4 D); elytra with a sparse row of semi-erect to erect setae along suture usually limited to basal ½ (Fig 4 F); outer angle of mandible forming an obtuse angle.. 5

4(3) Elytra relatively short and stout (EL/EW = 1.98–2.18 female, 2.03–2.11 male (95% confidence)); antennae subequal to elytral length in female and>1.4X as long as elytral length in male (TA/EL = 0.97–1.03 female, 95% confidence; 1.48–1.58 male, 95% confidence); male antennomeres 8–11 relatively long and narrow (A8L/A8W = 3.18–3.52; A9L/A9W = 3.57–3.86;

A10L/A10W = 3.37–3.67; A11L/A11W = 4.67–5.26, all with 95% confidence); pro- and mesotibia expanded and globose-triangular at apex; female pro- and mesotibia apex with dense brush of long silver setae which partially obscures base of tibial spurs (Fig 4 G)......................................................................... S. litigiosus (Casey) - Elytra relatively long and narrow (EL/EW = 2.16–2.54 female, 2.17–2.27 male (95% confidence)); antennae shorter than elytral length in female and <1.4X as long as elytra in male (TA/EL = 0.89–0.95 female, 95% confidence; 1.33–1.43 male, 95% confidence); male antennomeres 8–11 relatively short and wide (A8L/A8W = 2.89–3.15; A9L/A9W = 3.17–3.53; A10L/ A10W = 2.89–3.27; A11L/A11W = 4.19–4.63, all with 95% confidence); pro- and mesotibia not especially expanded, sometimes somewhat triangular in shape; female pro- and mesotibia apex with brush of yellow setae which does not obscure base of tibial spurs (Fig 4 H)................................................................... S. terminatus (Casey)

5(3) Scutellum glabrous, or with very few, very minute, punctures that are inconspicuous (Fig. 5A); frons around antennal insertion sparsely punctate (Fig 5A); mandibles large and plate-like, very wide near base (Fig 5 B).............. S. australis Giesbert

- Scutellum with obvious punctures, pubescence, or other forms of sculpture (Fig 5 C); frons around antennal insertions densely punctate; mandibles not especially wide at base.............................................................. 6

6(5) Femora nearly cylindrical (Fig. 5 D), ventrally with pubescence greatly reduced, sparse; disk of elytra with pubescence inconspicuous, fine, sparse, recumbent; antennae and legs uniformly reddish-brown; elytra with a sparse row of semi-erect to erect setae along suture extending from base to apical ¼; dark brown with 2 pairs of pale yellow transversely oval spots (Fig 9 B).................................................................................... S. japonicus Lacordaire

- Femora short, stout, sinuate, distinctly clavate (Fig. 5 E), ventrally with pubescence moderately dense; disk of elytra with pubescence conspicuous, moderately coarse, moderately dense, recumbent, decumbent, and/or semi-erect; antennae and legs ranging in color from unicolor black to orange, to bicolored; elytra with semi-erect to erect setae along suture limited to basal ½; elytra ranging from yellow to orange, with apex black and one pair of median spots (sometimes humeri black as well) or basal 1/3 orange to red and apical 2/3 black (Figs 12, 13)..................................................... 7

7(6) Disk of elytra with 2 distinct colors of pubescence, pale pubescence in pale areas of the elytra and dark pubescence in dark maculate areas of the elytra (Fig 5 F); punctures in maculate areas of elytra dense, contrasting with punctures in paler areas which are more widely separate; ground color of elytra usually pale yellow........................ S. ligneus (Fabricius)

- Disk of elytra with only dark pubescence, regardless of the ground color of the elytra (Fig 5 G); punctures more or less evenly distributed across elytra; ground color of the elytra usually orange to red.......................................... 8

8(7) Antennomeres 1–3, as well as the thoracic and abdominal sternites, covered with long, coarse, semi-erect to decumbent pale setae that partially obscures surface (Fig 6A,B); antennomeres proportionally short (Fig 6A); elytral humeri with pale strip of pubescence which often extends posteriorly to about ½ elytra length (Fig 6 C); legs and antennae usually black; elytral pubescence very coarse, decumbent to recumbent, obscuring elytra surface somewhat, often surface appearing dusky grey............................................................................................ S. conformis (Casey)

- Antennomeres 1–3, as well as the thoracic and abdominal sternites, covered with short to long, fine, semi-erect pale setae that does not obscure surface (Fig 6 D,E); antennomeres proportionally longer (Fig 6 D); elytral humeri often with a few scattered pale setae that are usually limited to basal ¼ (Fig 6 F); legs and antennae usually somewhat bicolored; elytral pubescence fine, semi-erect to decumbent, elytral surface not obscured, usually appearing shiny........................... S. amplus …9

9(8) Elytra with basal 1/3 orange to red and apical 2/3 black (Fig 15 A); antennae and legs usually entirely black........................................................................................... S. amplus sequoiae (Van Dyke)

- Elytra not as above, either orange with black apex and one pair of black median spots, or with base and humeri black and one pair of large median black spots; antennae and legs often bicolored, antennomere 1 usually dark, contrasting with paler antennomeres 2–11; femora usually dark, contrasting with paler tibia and tarsus....................................... 10

10(9) Elytral base and humeri black; elytral humeri extending posteriorly to about ½ of elytral length making elytra appear long, narrow and convex (Fig 13 B)........................................................... S. amplus basalis (Casey)

- Elytral base orange, humeri usually orange; elytral humeri extending posteriorly to only about ¼ length of elytral making elytra appear shorter, wider and flat (Fig 13 A)........................................... S. amplus amplus (Casey)