Figs. 25, 49, 80, 95

Diagnosis. Sparganothoides licrosana is superficially most similar to S. hydeana, but has a male forewing costal fold and three protuberances on the head, all of which are lacking in S. hydeana. The specialized scales on the prothorax are iridescent bluish purple.

Description. Male. Head: Frons yellowish white to brownish orange, smooth scaled; vertex roughened, yellowish brown to brownish orange; two large exoskeletal protuberances between mesal-posterior margins of compound eyes and angled toward middle; one laterally broad protuberance between antennae; broad area of densely packed, short, yellowish brown to brownish orange scales between anterior and posterior protuberances; short, erect, yellowish white to brown scales between posterior protuberances. Labial palpus pale orange mesally, brownish orange and fuscous laterally. Antennal scaling brownish orange with some dark brown scales. Thorax: Brownish orange with scattered dark brown scales; dense column of short brown scales mesally, iridescent bluish purple on prothorax; tegula with clump of small orange or brown, pointed scales at apex giving tegula truncate appearance. Forewing length 11.6–12.1 mm (= 11.9; n = 2). Forewing ground color brown to brownish orange, with indistinct pattern of orange, brownish orange, and/or reddish brown scaling; indistinct subterminal fascia brown; brown and orange transverse strigulae throughout subterminal and terminal areas, occasionally with some white scaling with strigulae; occasionally with an indistinct brown tornal mark approaching discal cell; brown spot at apex of discal cell. Fringe brownish yellow to brownish orange. Hindwing yellowish gray, grayer marginally, with gray transverse strigulae throughout, most dense in apical and distal regions; patch of raised yellowish white scales subbasally, smaller patch of shorter scales on anal angle. Abdomen: Genitalia (Fig. 25; slide #5609; EME; Mexico, Sinaloa, 2 mi SW Potrerillos; n = 1) with uncus long, slender, unmodified apically, elbowed at nearly 90° angle at twothirds distance from base, with long setae dorsally and patch of short setae ventrally; tegumen triangular at base of uncus; socius rounded posteriorly, secondary arms long, slender, abruptly angled near middle, enlarged apices asymmetrically lobed, boot-shaped; transtilla strongly sclerotized, weakly bilobed, spines short, numerous over most of posterior margin, anterior process reinforced with mesal invagination; valva subrectangular, valval crease straight or slightly curved, roughly parallel to sacculus or slightly declined toward it, not connecting near base of sacculus; sacculus and costa straight; pulvinus present; phallus pistolshaped, aedeagus parallel-sided, slightly curved, shorter than phallobase, attenuate apically, attached to juxta by a thin process.

Female. Head, Thorax: Essentially as described for male, except generally darker; ground color deep brownish orange to dark grayish brown, tornal marking tinged with dark red. Forewing length 10.8–11.9 mm (= 11.5; n = 3). Hindwing gray with darker gray transverse striae throughout. Abdomen: Genitalia (Fig. 49; slide #5610; EME; Mexico, Sinaloa, 2 mi SW Potrerillos; n = 1) with papillae anales parallel-sided, rounded posteriorly; sterigma strongly sclerotized ventrally, concave anteriorly; ductus bursae short, widened anteriorly; corpus bursae large, irregularly rounded; signum more than three times as long as wide, weakly bilobed, gently curved, attenuate at apices.

Type material. Holotype: Male: MEXICO: SINALOA: 2 mi SW Potrerillos, 4200’, 12.viii.1986, J. Brown & J. Powell, reared from eggs on synthetic diet, emgd. 12.iv.1987, JAP 86H31 (EME).

Paratypes (1♂, 3♀). MEXICO: SINALOA: 2 mi SW Potrerillos, 4200’, 12.viii.1986 (1♀), blacklight, J. Brown & Powell (EME), reared from eggs on synthetic diet, emgd. 12.iv–5.v.1987 (1♂, 2♀), JAP 86H31 (EME, NMNH).

Immature stages. Eggs are peach-tan colored and covered by an opaque colleterial secretion exceeding the patch by ca. 0.70–0.90 mm. Eggs are arranged in regular round patches of 17–39 (= 26.7 eggs per patch, n = 3). Eggs hatched in about 10 days. Larvae fed on synthetic diet and Quercus lobata with variable success. The anal comb has nine tines. Development time from oviposition to pupation, with a lengthy quiescent period, was more than seven months. Adults emerged 228 to 250 days following eclosion from eggs.

Etymology. The name is derived from the Greek “likros” (= horn) in reference to the protuberances of the head.