An Explorative Study on Norwegian Users' Understandings and Practices of Vacuum Toilet Systems in Private and Semi-Private Residences

Sustainability and sustainable development are prominent topics of interest in the world. The sixth and eleventh targets of the Sustainable Development Goals are to have adequate clean water and hygiene and have sustainable communities, respectively. Vacuum toilet systems save water and can facilitate nutrient recovery thus they aid at sustainability at a community level. The purposes of this thesis were to 1) Describe the perceptions, knowledge, and beliefs Norwegians have of vacuum toilet systems in comparison to conventional flush toilets; 2) Explore external factors influencing routine practices towards vacuum toilet use; 3) Identify key barriers to vacuum toilet system acceptance; and 4) Identify comfort levels regarding the possible integration of the model of ecological sanitation in residences. A qualitative research study was completed through the use of in-depth interviews for data collection among vacuum toilet users in the Norwegian communities of Kaja, Ås and Torvetua, Bergen. Interview transcripts were analysed using a thematic approach to understand the practices of the vacuum toilet system and identify factors that influenced the practices and perspectives of vacuum toilet system users. Concepts rooted in the social sciences were used as analytical tools to interpret the data. Technical aspects and personal practice were found to have influenced the users’ perceptions and practice of the system, and future development of vacuum systems. Technical complications and the blueprint of the vacuum system significantly affected users’ practices and experiences. Semi-private or private residency status was a factor in the practice and perceptions of vacuum toilet systems. Noise from the vacuum toilets, and smell from the holding tanks, were reported to be the key aspects participants reported for not accepting vacuum toilet systems for future development. The research study concludes that despite the complications and concerns, the users were overall satisfied with the vacuum toilet system. Going forward, it is important to consider the implications of the technical aspects of the vacuum toilet systems in both communities in conjunction with user practice and experience. Further improvement of the vacuum toilets should specifically be rooted in addressing noise and the technical complications with the system to enhance user compliance and acceptance.