Published July 1, 2021
| Version v1
Journal article
Restricted
The earthworm fauna of Palawan, Philippines with description of nineteen new pheretimoid species (Clitellata: Megascolecidae)
Description
Aspe, Nonillon M., Manasan, Rafael Ethan, Manlavi, Albert B., Patiluna, Ma. Lotus E., Sebido, Maria Asela B., Obusan, Marie Christine M., Simbahan, Jessica F., James, Samuel W. (2021): The earthworm fauna of Palawan, Philippines with description of nineteen new pheretimoid species (Clitellata: Megascolecidae). Journal of Natural History 55 (11-12): 733-797, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2021.1923849, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2021.1923849
Files
Linked records
Additional details
Identifiers
- LSID
- urn:lsid:plazi.org:pub:62234546BE33E164A843FF656667FFBD
- URL
- http://publication.plazi.org/id/62234546BE33E164A843FF656667FFBD
References
- Aspe NM. 2016. The geographic distribution of the genera in the Pheretima complex in eastern Asia and the Pacific region. Kaiyo Monthly, Japan. 48:39-45.
- Aspe NM, James SW. 2014. New species of Pheretima (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from the Mt. Malindang range, Mindanao Island, Philippines. Zootaxa. 3881:401-439. doi:10.11646/ zootaxa.3881.5.1.
- Aspe NM, James SW. 2015. New Polypheretima and Pithemera (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) species from the Mt. Malindang Range, Mindanao Island, Philippines. J Nat Hist. 42:1-23. doi:10.1080/ 00222933.2015.1021875.
- Aspe NM, James SW. 2016. New species of Pheretima, Amynthas, Polypheretima, and Pithemera (Clitellata: Megascolecidae) from Mindanao and Associated Islands, Philippines. Zool Stud. 55:1-33.
- Aspe NM, James SW. 2017. Pheretimoid earthworms (Clitellata: Megascolecidae) from Mt. Apo, Mindanao Island, Philippines with description of eight new species. Raffles Bull Zool. 65:357-372.
- Aspe NM, James SW. 2018. Molecular phylogeny and biogeographic distribution of pheretimoid earthworms (clitellata: Megascolecidae) of the Philippine archipelago. Eur J Soil Biol. 85:89-97. doi:10.1016/j.ejsobi.2018.02.001.
- Aspe NM, Kajihara H, James SW. 2016. A molecular phylogenetic study of pheretimoid species (Megascolecidae) in Mindanao and associated Islands, Philippines. Eur J Soil Biol. 73:119-125. doi:10.1016/j.ejsobi.2016.02.006.
- Bantaowong U, Chanabun R, James SW, Panha S. 2016. Seven new species of the earthworm genus Metaphire ims & Easton, 1972 from Thailand (Clitellata: Megascolecidae). Zootaxa. 4117:063-084. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4117.1.3.
- Bantaowong U, Chanabun R, Tongkerd P, Sutcharit C, James SW, Panha S. 2011. A new species of the terrestrial earthworm of the genus Metaphire Sims and Easton, 1972 from Thailand with redescription of some species. Trop Nat Hist. 11:55-69.
- Bantaowong U, James SW, Panha S. 2015. Three new earthworm species of the genus Amynthas Kinberg, 1867 from Thailand (Clitellata: Megascolecidae). Trop Nat Hist. 15:167-178.
- Bantaowong U, Somniyam P, Sutcharit C, James SW, Panha S. 2014. Four new species of the earthworm genus Amynthas Kinberg, 1867, with redescription of the type species (Clitellata: Megascolecidae). Raffles Bull Zool. 62:655-670.
- Beddard FE. 1892. On some species of the genus Perichaeta (sensu stricto). Proc Zool Soc London. 1892:153-172.
- Beddard FE. 1912. The oligochaeta terricolae of the Philippines. Part I. The genus Pheretima. Philipp J Sci Ser D. 7:79-203.
- Beddard FE, Fedarb SM. 1895. On some Perichaetidae from the Eastern Archipelago collected by Mr. Everett. J Nat Hist Ser 6. 16:69-73.
- Bhorgin AJ, Uma K. 2014. Antimicrobial activity of earthworm powder (Lampito mauritii). Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci. 3:437-443.
- Bickford D, Lohman DJ, Sodhi NS, Ng PKL, Meier R, Winker K, Ingram KK, Das I. 2007. Cryptic species as a window on diversity and conservation. Trends Ecol Evol. 22(3):48-155. doi:10.1016/j. tree.2006.11.004.
- Blakemore RJ 2002. Cosmopolitan Earthworms- an Eco-taxonomic Guild to the Peregrine Species of the World. VermEcology, Canberra, 500 pp. (pp. 62-237).
- Blakemore RJ. 2016. Darwin's earthworms (Annelida, Oligochaeta, Megadrilacea) with review of cosmopolitan Metaphire peguana - species group from Philippines. Opuscula Zoologica.47:9-30.
- Blakemore RJ, Csuzdi C, Ito MT, Kaneko N, Kawaguchi T, Schilthuizen M. 2007. Taxonomic status and ecology of Oriental Pheretima darnleiensis (Fletcher, 1886) and other earthworms (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Mt Kinabalu, Borneo. Zootaxa. 1613:23-44. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1613.1.2.
- Boniao R, Estoista R, De Goede R, Hansel C, Nuneza O, Lumactud R, Aspe NM, Poblete M, Roscom B, James SW 2006. Soil ecological diversity and relevant interrelationships of critical resources in Mt. Malindang, Mis. Occ., Philippines. Laguna (Philippines): SEAMEO-SEARCA.
- Brady N, Weil R. 1999. The nature and properties of soils. 12th ed. New Jersey (USA): Prentice Hall International, Inc.
- Ceccanti B, Masciandaro G, Garcia C, Macci C, Doni S. 2006. Soil bioremediation: combination of earthworms and compost for the ecological remediation of a hydrocarbon polluted soil. Water Air Soil Pollut. 177(1-4):383-397. doi:10.1007/s11270-006-9180-4.
- Chang C-H, Lin SM, Chen JH. 2008. Molecular systematics and phylogeography of the gigantic earthworms of the Metaphire formosae species group (Clitellata, Megascolecidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol. 49(3):958-968. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.08.025.
- Chen Y 1930. On some new earthworm from Nanking, China. Science Reports, Central University Nanking Ser B1:11-40.
- Chen Y. 1931. On the terrestrial Oligochaeta from Szechuan. Contri Biol Lab Sci Soc China, Zool Ser. 7:117-171.
- Chen Y. 1933. A preliminary survey of the earthworms of the Lower Yangtze valley. Contri Biol Lab Sci Soc China, Zool Ser. 9:178-296.
- Chen Y. 1935. On a small collection of earthworms from Hongkong with descriptions of some new species. Bull Fan Mem Inst Biol. 6:33-59.
- Chen Y. 1936. On the terrestrial Oligochaeta from Szechuan. II. Contri Biol Lab Sci Soc China, Zool Ser. 11:269-306.
- Chen Y. 1938. Oligochaeta from Hainan, Kwangtung. Contri Biol Lab Sci Soc China, Zool Ser. 12:375-427.
- Chen Y. 1946. On the terrestrial Oligochaeta from Szechuan III. J West China Border Res Soc. 16:83-141.
- Cognetti DML. 1908. Descrizione di una nuova Pheretima del Giapone. Bollettino del Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata della R Universita di Torino. 23:1-2.
- Cognetti DML. 1922. Descrizione di tre nuovi megascolecini. Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia et Anatomia comparata della Reale Universita di Torino. 37:1-6.
- Conservation International Philippines, DENR-PAWB, & Haribon Foundation for the Conservation of Nature. 2006. Priority sites for conservation in the Philippines: key Biodiversity Areas. Quezon City (Philippines): Conservation International Philippines. [accessed 2020 Sept 3]. http://www.conser vation.org/global/philippines/publications/Pages/Priority-Sites-for-Conservation-Key- Biodiversity-Areas.aspx .
- De Bruyn M, Stelbrink B, Morley RJ, Hall R, Carvalho GR, Cannon CH, Van Den Berg G, Meijaard E, Metcalfe I, Boitani L, et al. 2014. Borneo and Indochina are major evolutionary hotspots for Southeast Asian biodiversity. Syst Biol. 63(6):879-901. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syu047.
- Dickerson RE 1928. Distribution of life in the Philippines. Monograph, Bureau of Science, Manila. 2:1-322.
- Dinesh MS, Sridhar S, Chandana PG, Pai V, Geetha KS, Hegdge R. 2013. Anticancer potentials of peptides of coelomic fluid of earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia. 10 (2):601-606. doi:10.13005/bbra/1170.
- Do VN, Tran MK, Le VT. 1995. New species of earthworm of genus Pheretima Kinberg, 1867 (Megascolecidae, Oligochaeta) from mountain of Nghe An Province. Tap Chi Sinh Hoc. 17:88-94.
- Dong Y, Yuan Z, Jiang J, Zhao Q, Qiu J. 2018. Two new species of earthworms belonging to the genus Amynthas (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Guangxi Province, China. Zootaxa. 4496 (1):259-268. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4496.1.21.
- Easton EG. 1979. A revision of the 'acaecate' earthworms of the Pheretima group (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta): archipheretima, Metapheretima, Planapheretima, Pleionogaster and Polypheretima. Bull Br Mus Nat Hist. 35:1-126.
- Easton EG. 1981. Japanese earthworms: a synopsis of Megadrile species. Bull Br Mus Nat Hist. 40:33-65.
- Esselstyn JA, Widmann P, Heaney LR. 2004. The mammals of Palawan Island, Philippines. Proc Biol Soc Wash. 117:271-302.
- Everett AH. 1889. Remarks on the zoogeographical relationships of the island of Palawan and some adjacent islands. Proc Zool Soc London. 1889:220-228.
- Fahri F, Amaliah R, Annawaty NAD. 2017. The earthworm genus Polypheretima Michaelsen, 1934 (Annelida: Clitellata: Megascolecidae) from Sulawesi, Indonesia, with descriptions of four new species. Raffles Bull Zool. 65:559-573.
- Fiolka MJ, Lewtak K, Rzymowska J, Grzywnowicz K, Hulas-Stasiak M, Sofinska-Chmiel W, Skrzypiec K. 2013. Antifungal and anticancer effects of a polysaccharide-protein complex from the gut bacterium Raoultella ornithinolytica isolated from the earthworm Dendrobaena veneta. Pathog Dis. 69:49-61.
- Fletcher JJ. 1887. Notes on Australian earthworms part III. Proc Linn Soc New South Wales. 1:943-973.
- Gates GE. 1930. The earthworms of Burma I. Rec Indian Mus. 32:257-356.
- Gates GE. 1931. The earthworms of Burma II. Rec Indian Mus. 33:327-442.
- Gates GE. 1932. The earthworms of Burma. III. The Megascolecidae. Rec Indian Mus. 34:357-549.
- Gates GE. 1933. The earthworms of Burma. IV. The Megascolecidae. Rec Indian Mus. 35:413-606.
- Gates GE. 1935. New earthworms from China with notes on the synonymy of some Chinese species of Drawida and Pheretima. Smithsonian Misc Coll. 93:1-19.
- Gates GE. 1937. Notes on some species of Drawida and Pheretima with descriptions of three new species of Pheretima. Bull Mus Comp Zool Harvard College. 80:305-335.
- Gates GE. 1945. On some earthworms from Ceylon II. Spolia Zeylanica. 24:69-90.
- Gates GE. 1972. Burmese earthworms: an introduction to the systematics and biology of Megadrile Oligochaetes with special reference to Southeast Asia. Trans Am Philos Soc. 62(7):1-327. doi:10.2307/1006214.
- Goto S, Hatai S. 1899. New or imperfectly known species of earthworms. No. 2. Annot Zool Jpn. 3:13-24.
- Hall R. 1998. The plate tectonics of Cenozoic SE Asia and the distribution of land and sea. In: Hall R, Holloway JD, editors. Biogeography and geological evolution of SE Asia. Leiden: Backhuys Publishers; p. 99-132.
- Hall R. 2002. Cenozoic geological and plate tectonic evolution of SE Asia and the SW Pacific: computer-based reconstructions, model and animations. J Asian Earth Sci. 20:353-431.
- Hatai S. 1930. Note on Pheretima agrestis (Goto & Haitai), together with the description of four new species of the genus Pheretima. Sci Rep Tohoku Univ. 5:651-667.
- Heaney LR. 1985. Zoogeographic evidence for middle and late Pleistocene land bridges to the Philippine Islands. Mod Quat Res SE Asia. 9:127-143.
- Heaney LR. 1986. Biogeography of mammals in Southeast Asia: estimates of rates of colonization, extinction, and speciation. Biol J Linn Soc. 28(1-2):127-165. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1986. tb01752.x.
- Heaney LR. 1991. A synopsis of climatic and vegetational change in Southeast Asia. Clim Change. 19 (1-2):53-61. doi:10.1007/BF00142213.
- Heaney LR. 2000. Dynamic disequilibrium: a long-term, large-scale perspective on the equilibrium model of island biogeography. Glob Ecol Biogeogr. 9(1):59-74. doi:10.1046/j.1365- 2699.2000.00163.x.
- Hickman ZA, Reid BJ. 2008. Earthworm assisted bioremediation of organic contaminants. Environ Int. 34(7):1072-1081. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2008.02.013.
- Hong Y. 2018. Two new earthworm species of genus Pithemera Sims and Easton, 1972 (Clitellata: Megascolecidae) from Mt. Tapulao, Luzon Island, Philippines. J Asia Pac Biodivers. 11(2):199-202. doi:10.1016/j.japb.2018.02.002.
- Hong Y. 2019. New earthworm species of Amynthas (Clitellata: Megascolecidae) from Nam Phouin National Protected Area, Laos. J Asia-Pacific Biodive. 12(3):353-356. doi:10.1016/j. japb.2019.04.001.
- Hong Y, James SW. 2004. New species of Amynthas Kinberg, 1867 from the Philippines (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae). Rev Suisse Zool. 111:729-741. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.80266.
- Hong Y, James SW. 2008a. Nine new species of earthworms (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) of the Banaue rice terraces, Philippines. Rev Suisse Zool. 115:341-354. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.80431.
- Hong Y, James SW. 2008b. Three new earthworms of the genus Pheretima (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Mt. Makiling, Luzon Island, Philippines. Zootaxa. 1695(1):45-52. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1695.1.2.
- Hong Y, James SW. 2008c. Two new earthworms of the genus Pheretima (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Mt. Isarog, Luzon Island, Philippines. J Nat Hist. 42:1565-1571. doi:10.1080/00222930802000398.
- Hong Y, James SW. 2009a. New earthworms of the Pheretima urceolata species group (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from southern Luzon, Philippines. Zootaxa. 2059(1):33-45. doi:10.11646/ zootaxa.2059.1.3.
- Hong Y, James SW. 2009b. Some new Korean Megascolecoid earthworms (Oligochaeta). J Nat Hist. 43(21-22):1229-1256. doi:10.1080/00222930902894096.
- Hong Y, James SW. 2010. Six new earthworms of the genus Pheretima (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Balbalan-Balbalasang, Kalinga Province, the Philippines. Zool Stud. 49:523-533.
- Hong Y, James SW. 2011a. New species of Pheretima, Pithemera, and Polypheretima (Clitellata: Megascolecidae) from Kalbaryo, Luzon Island, Philippines. Raffles Bull Zool. 59:19-28.
- Hong Y, James SW. 2011b. New earthworm species of the genus Pheretima (Clitellata: Megascolecidae) from Mountain Province, Philippines. J Nat Hist. 45:1769-1788. doi:10.1080/ 00222933.2011.560726.
- Hong Y, Kim T-H. 2002. Four new earthworms of the genus Amynthas (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Korea. Korean J Biol Sci. 6:195-199. doi:10.1080/12265071.2002.9647651.
- Hong Y, Kim T-H. 2005. The earthworm fauna from Ulleungdo Island, Korea with one new specis of the genus Amynthas (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae). Korean J Syst Zool. 21:129-136.
- Hong Y, Lee WK, Kim T-H. 2001. Four new species of the genus Amynthas Kinberg (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Korea. Zool Stud. 40:263-268.
- Horst R. 1893. Descriptions of earthworms. No. 7. On Malayan earthworms. Notes Leyden Mus. 15:316-329.
- James SW. 2004a. New genera and new species of earthworms (Clitellata: Megascolecidae) from southern Luzon, Philippines. System Biodivers. 2(3):271-279. doi:10.1017/S1477200004001446.
- James SW. 2004b. New species of Amynthas, Pheretima, Pleionogaster (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) of the Mt. Kitanglad Range, Mindanao Island, Philippines. Raffles Bull Zool. 52:289-313.
- James SW. 2005a. New genera and species of pheretimoid earthworms (Clitellata: Megascolecidae) from southern Luzon, Philippines. System Biodivers. 2(3):271-279.
- James SW. 2005b. Preliminary molecular phylogeny in the Pheretima group of genera (Crassiclitellata: Megascolecidae) using Bayesian analysis. In: Pop VV, Pop AA, editors. Advances in Earthworm Taxonomy II (Annelida: Oligochaeta). Cluj-Napoca (Romania): Cluj University Press; p. 129-142.
- James SW. 2006. The earthworm genus Pleionogaster (Clitellata: Megascolecidae) in southern Luzon, Philippines. Org Divers Evol. 6(3):1-20. Electronic Supplement 8. doi:10.1016/j.ode.2005.08.003.
- James SW. 2009. Revision of the earthworm genus Archipheretima Michaelsen (Clitellata: Megascolecidae), with descriptions of new species from Luzon and Catanduanes Islands, Philippines. Org Divers Evol. 9(3):244.e1-244.e16. doi:10.1016/j.ode.2009.03.004.
- James SW, Hong Y, Kim T-H. 2004. New earthworms of Pheretima and Pithemera (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Mt. Arayat, Luzon Island, Philippines. Rev Suisse Zool. 111:3-10. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.80221.
- James SW, Shih H-T, Chang H-W. 2005. Seven new species of Amynthas (Clitellata: Megascolecidae) and new earthworm records from Taiwan. J Nat Hist. 39:1007-1028. doi:10.1080/ 00222930400001434.
- Joshi RC, Matchoc ORO, Cabigat JC, James SW. 1999. Survey of earthworms in the Ifugao Rice Terraces, Philippines. J Environ Sci Manage. 2:1-12.
- Kathireswari P, Alakesan A, Abirami P, Sangeetha P. 2014. Antimicrobial activity of earthworm coelomic fluid against diseases causing microorganisms. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci. 3:608-613.
- Kinberg JGH 1867. Annulata nova. Ofvers K. Vetensk Academy, Ford Stockholm. 23:97-103.
- Kobayashi S. 1934. Three new Korean earthworms belonging to the genus Pheretima, together with the wider range of the distribution of Pheretima hilgendorfi (Michaelsen). J Chosen Nat Hist Soc. 19:1-11.
- Kobayashi S. 1936. Earthworms from Koryo, Korea. Sci Rep Tohoku Univ. 11:140-184.
- Kobayashi S. 1938. Earthworms from Hakodate, Hokkaido. Annot Zool Jpn. 17:405-415.
- Li W, Wang C, Sun Z. 2011. Vermipharmaceuticals and active proteins isolated from earthworms. Pedobiologia. 54:S49-S56. doi:10.1016/j.pedobi.2011.09.014.
- Mapile MRF, Obusan MCM. 2020. Mineralization, biodegradation, and antagonistic activities of gut-associated bacteria and fungi of African nightcrawler (Eudrilus eugeniae Kinberg, 1867) from Quezon City, Philippines. Science Diliman. 32:42-67.
- Michaelsen W. 1892. Terricolen der Berliner Zoologischen Sammlung. II. Arch Naturgesch. 58:209-261. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.8321.
- Michaelsen W 1895. Zur Kenntnis der Oligochaten. Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften, Hamburg. 13:1-37.
- Michaelsen W. 1896. Oligochaten. ("Kukenthal, W. (Ed.): ergebnisse einer zoologischen Forschungsreise in den Molukken und Borneo, im Auftrage der Senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft. Zweiter Teil. Wissenschaftliche Reiseergebnisse."). Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft. 23:192-234.
- Michaelsen W 1899. Terricolen von verschiedenen Gebieten der Erde. Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg. 16:1-122.
- Michaelsen W 1900. Das Tierreich. 10. Lieferung. Vermes, Oligochaeta. R. Friedlander und Sohn, Berlin. 575 pp.
- Michaelsen W 1907. Neue Oligochaten von Vorder-Indien, Ceylon, Birma und den Andaman-Inseln. Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg, 24, 143-188.
- Michaelsen W. 1922. Oligochaten aus dem Rijks Museum van Natuurlijke Historie zu Leiden. Capita Zoologica. 1:1-72.
- Michaelsen W. 1923. Oligochaten aus der Umgegend von Medan in Nordwest-Sumatra. Arkiv for Zoologi. 15:1-20.
- Michaelsen W. 1924. Oligochaten von Niederlandisch-Indien. Treubia. 5:379-401.
- Michaelsen W. 1928. Die Oligochaten Borneos. Arkiv for Zoologi. 20:1-60.
- Michaelsen W. 1931. The Oligochaeta of China. Peking Nat Hist Bull. 5:1-23.
- Michaelsen W. 1934. Oligochaeta from Sarawak. Quart J Microsc Sci. 77:1-47.
- Muller F. 1857. Description of a new earthworm (Lumbricus corethrurus). Ann Mag Nat Hist. 20:13-15. doi:10.1080/00222935709487865.
- Narayanan SP, Sathrumithra S, Anuja R, Christopher G, Thomas AP, Julka JM. 2019. First record of the exotic earthworm Metaphire bahli (Gates, 1945) (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from India. Opusc Zool Budapest. 50(1):99-103. doi:10.18348/opzool.2019.1.99.
- Nguyen TT, Nguyen NQ, Lam DH, Nguyen AD. 2020a. Six new species of the genus Metaphire Sims & Easton, 1972 (Annelida: Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from southeastern Vietnam. Raffles Bull Zool. 68:220-236.
- Nguyen TT, Tran BTT, Lam DH, Nguyen AD. 2020b. Four new species of Amynthas earthworms in southeastern Vietnam (Annelida, Oligochaeta, Megascolecidae). Zootaxa. 4790:277-290. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4790.2.5.
- Nguyen VT. 1993. Some new species of earthworms of genus Pheretima Kinberg, 1867 (Megascolecidae-Oligochaeta) from Thua Thien-Hue, Vietnam. Tap Chi Sinh Hoc. 15:5-8.
- Novo M, Almodovar A, Fernandez R, Trigo D, Diaz Cosin DJ. 2010. Cryptic speciation of hormogastrid earthworms revealed by mitochondrial and nuclear data. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 56(1):507-512. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.04.010.
- Ohfuchi S. 1951. On the terrestrial Oligochaeta from Sansei with descriptions of three new species. Misc Rep Res Inst Nat Res Tokyo. 19-21:55-63.
- Ohfuchi S. 1956. On a collection of the terrestrial Oligochaeta obtained from the various localities in Riu-kiu Islands, together with the consideration of their geographical distribution (Part 1). J Agric Sci Tokyo Nogyo Daigaku. 3:131-176.
- Omodeo P. 1957. Oligocheti dell'Indochina e del Mediterraneo Orientale. Memorie del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona. 5:321-336.
- Perrier E. 1872. Recherches pour servir a l'hestoire des Lombriciens terrestres. Nouv Archs Mus Hist Nat Paris. 8:5-198.
- Prasankok P, Bantaowong U, James SW, Panha S. 2013. Low heterogeneity in populations of the terrestrial earthworm, Metaphire peguana (Rosa, 1890), in Thailand, as revealed by analysis of mitochondrial DNA COI sequences and nuclear allozymes. Biochem Syst Ecol. 51:8-15. doi:10.1016/j.bse.2013.07.001.
- Qiu JP. 1992. Notes on a new subspecies of genus Amynthas from Guizhou province (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae). Sichuan J Zool. 11:1-3.
- Qiu JP, Wang H, Wang W. 1993. Notes on a new species of the genus Amynthas from Guizhou. Guizhou Sci. 11:3-6.
- Rickart EA, Heaney LR, Utzurrum RCB. 1991. Distribution and ecology of small mammals along an elevational transect in southeastern Luzon, Philippines. J Mammal. 72(3):458-469. doi:10.2307/ 1382128.
- Rosa D. 1890. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmanica e regioni vicine, XXVI. Preichetidi. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Giacomo Doria. 10:107-122.
- Rosa D. 1891. Die exotischen Terricolen des k. k. naturhistorischen Hofmuseums. Annalen des K. K. Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums. 6:379-406.
- Rosa D 1896. I Lombrichi raccolti a Sumatra dal dott Elio Modigliani. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale 'Giacomo Doria'. 16:502-532.
- Rosa D. 1901. Oligochetes de l'archipel Malais. Rev Suisse Zool. 9:131-136. doi:10.5962/bhl. part.75159.
- Sandalo RM, Baltazar T 1997. The Palawan Biosphere Reserve, Philippines (No. 19). South-South Cooperation Programme on Environmentally Sound Socio-Economic Development in the Humid Tropics.
- Santiago JO, Buot I. 2017. Checklist of Hoya species on Palawan Island, Philippines. J Nat Stud. 16:34-44.
- Shen H-P, Chang C-H, Chih W-J. 2014. Five new earthworm species of the genera Amynthas and Metaphire (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) from Matsu, Taiwan. J Nat Hist. 48:495-522. doi:10.1080/00222933.2013.826742.
- Shen H-P, Tsai C-F, Tsai S-C. 2003. Six new earthworms of the genus Amynthas (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Central Taiwan. Zool Stud. 42:479-490.
- Sims R, Easton E. 1972. A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biol J Linn Soc. 4(3):169-268. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1972.tb00694.x.
- Singer AC, Jury W, Luepromchai E, Yahng CS, Crowley DE. 2001. Contribution of earthworms to PCB bioremediation. Soil Biol Biochem. 33(6):765-776. doi:10.1016/S0038-0717(00)00224-8.
- Sun J, Zhao Q, Qiu JP. 2010. Three new species of earthworms belonging to the genus Amynthas (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Hainan Island, China. Zootaxa. 2680(1):26-32. doi:10.11646/ zootaxa.2680.1.2.
- Thai TB. 1984. New data on taxonomy of the genus Pheretima (Oligochaeta, Megascolecidae) of the fauna of Vietnam. Zool J. 63:284-288.
- Thai TB, Samphon K 1989. Initial remarks on the fauna of earthworms in Laos. Thong Bao Khoa Hoc (Hanoi): 61-75. [Vietnamese:Thai TB, Samphon K (1989) Nhan xet buoc dau ve khu he giun dat Lao (tu cao nguyen Muong Phuon den cao nguyen Bua La Ven). Thong bao khoa hoc DHSPHN, 1: 61-75].
- Tougard C. 2011. Biogeography and migration routes of large mammal faunas in South-East Asia during the Late Middle Pleistocene: focus on the fossil and extant faunas from Thailand. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol. 168(3-4):337-358. doi:10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00243-1.
- Tsai C-F. 1964. On some earthworms belonging to the genus Pheretima Kinberg collected from Taipei area in North Taiwan. Quart J Taiwan Mus. 17:1-35.
- Tsai C-F, Shen H-P, Tsai S-C. 1999. On some new species of the pheretimoid earthworms (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Taiwan. J Natl Taiw Mus. 52:33-46.
- Ude H. 1925. Regenwurmer von Borneo. Zool Anz. 63:103-109.
- Widmann IL, Widmann P, Schoppe S, Van Den Beukel D, Espeso M, eds.. 2008. Conservation Studies on Palawan Biodiversity: a compilation of researches conducted in cooperation with or initiated by Katala Foundation Inc. Puerto Princesa City (Palawan, Philippines): Katala Foundation, Inc.
- Yumul GP Jr, Dimalanta CB, Marquez EJ, Queano KL. 2009. Onland signatures of the Palawan microcontinental block and Philippine mobile belt collision and crustal growth process: a Review. J Asian Earth Sci. 34(5):610-623. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2008.10.002.
- Zhao Q, Cluzeau D, Jiang J, Petit EJ, Briard C, Sun J, Prinzing A, Qiu J. 2015. Molecular phylogeny of pheretimoid earthworms (Haplotaxina: Megascolecidae) based on mitochondrial DNA in Hainan Island, China. Mol Biol. 4(4):138. doi:10.4172/2168-9547.1000138.
- Zhao Q, Sun J, Jiang J, Qiu J. 2013. Four new species of genus Amynthas (Oligochaeta, Megascolecidae) from Hainan Island, China. J Nat Hist. 47:33-34. doi:10.1080/ 00222933.2013.775374.
- Zhao Q, Yao X, Lan Y, Xu J, Qiu J. 2018. New earthworm species of the genus Amynthas from Hainan Island, China (Megascolecidae, Clitellata). Zootaxa. 4496(1):279-286. doi:10.11646/ zootaxa.4496.1.23.