Published December 31, 2011 | Version v1
Journal article Restricted

The Lower Jurassic ornithischian dinosaur Heterodontosaurus tucki Crompton & Charig, 1962: cranial anatomy, functional morphology, taxonomy, and relationships

Description

Norman, David B., Crompton, Alfred W., Butler, Richard J., Porro, Laura B., Charig, Alan J. (2011): The Lower Jurassic ornithischian dinosaur Heterodontosaurus tucki Crompton & Charig, 1962: cranial anatomy, functional morphology, taxonomy, and relationships. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 163: 182-276, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5440801

Files

Restricted

The record is publicly accessible, but files are restricted to users with access.

Linked records

Additional details

Identifiers

LSID
urn:lsid:plazi.org:pub:FF95FFCB3271FFBD0936FFA188468356
URL
http://publication.plazi.org/id/FF95FFCB3271FFBD0936FFA188468356

References

  • Attridge J, Charig AJ. 1967. Crisis in evolution: the Stormberg Series. Science Journal 1967: 48-54.
  • Attridge J, Crompton AW, Jenkins FA. 1985. The southern African Liassic prosauropod Massospondylus discovered in North America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 5: 128-132.
  • Baez AM, Marsicano CA. 1998. A heterodontosaurian ornithischian in the Upper Triassic of Patagonia? Journal of African Earth Science 27A: 14-15.
  • Baez AM, Marsicano CA. 2001. A heterodontosaurid ornithischian dinosaur from the Upper Triassic of Patagonia. Ameghiniana 38: 271-279.
  • Bakker RT, Galton PM. 1974. Dinosaur monophyly and a new class of vertebrates. Nature 248: 168- 172.
  • Barrett PM. 1998. Herbivory in the non-avian Dinosauria. PhD thesis, University of Cambridge, UK.
  • Barrett PM. 1999. A reassessment of the enigmatic ornithischian Echinodon becklesii. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19 (Abstracts): 31A.
  • Barrett PM. 2000. Prosauropod dinosaurs and iguanas: speculations on the diets of extinct reptiles. In: Sues H-D, ed. Evolution of herbivory in terrestrial vertebrates: perspectives from the fossil record. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 42-78.
  • Barrett PM. 2001. Tooth wear and possible jaw action of Scelidosaurus harrisonii Owen and a review of feeding mechanisms in other thyreophoran dinosaurs. In: Carpenter K, ed. The armored dinosaurs. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 25-52.
  • Barrett PM, Han F-L. 2009. Cranial anatomy of Jeholosaurus shangyuanensis (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Cretaceous of China. Zootaxa 2072: 31- 55.
  • Barrett PM, Butler RJ, Knoll F. 2005. Small-bodied ornithischian dinosaurs from the Middle Jurassic of Sichuan, China. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25: 823- 834.
  • Boyd CA, Brown CM, Scheetz RD, Clarke JA. 2009. Taxonomic revision of the basal neornithischian taxa Thescelosaurus and Bugenasaura. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29: 758-770.
  • Broom R. 1911. On the dinosaurs of the Stormberg, South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum 7: 291- 308.
  • Broom R. 1913. Note on Mesuchus browni, Watson, and on a new South African pseudosuchian (Euparkeria capensis). Records of the Albany Museum 2: 394-396.
  • Broom R. 1932. The mammal-like reptiles of South Africa and the origin of mammals. Witherby: London.
  • Brown B, Schlaikjer EM. 1940. The structure and relationships of Protoceratops. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 40: 133-266.
  • Bryant HN, Russell AP. 1992. The role of phylogenetic analysis in the inference of unpreserved attributes of extinct taxa. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 337: 405-418.
  • Bryant HN, Seymour KL. 1990. Observations and comments on the reliability of muscle reconstruction in fossil vertebrates. Journal of Morphology 206: 109- 117.
  • Busbey AB. 1989. Form and function of the feeding apparatus of Alligator mississipiensis. Journal of Morphology 202: 99-127.
  • Butler RJ. 2005. The 'fabrosaurid' ornithischian dinosaurs of the Upper Elliot Formation (Lower Jurassic) of South Africa. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 145: 175- 218.
  • Butler RJ. 2010. On the anatomy of the basal ornithischian dinosaur Eocursor parvus from the lower Elliot Formation (Late Triassic) of South Africa. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 160: 648-864.
  • Butler RJ, Zhao Q. 2009. The small-bodied ornithischian dinosaurs Micropachycephalosaurus hongtuyanensis and Wannanosaurus yansiensis from the Late Cretaceous of China. Cretaceous Research 30: 63-77.
  • Butler RJ, Sullivan RM. 2009. The phylogenetic position of the ornithischian dinosaur Stenopelix valdensis from the Lower Cretaceous of Germany: implications for the early fossil record of Pachycephalosauria. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 54: 21-34.
  • Butler RJ, Smith RMH, Norman DB. 2007. A primitive ornithischian dinosaur from the Late Triassic of South Africa, and the early evolution and diversification of Ornithischia. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 274: 2041-2046.
  • Butler RJ, Porro LB, Norman DB. 2008a. A juvenile skull of the primitive ornithischian dinosaur Heterodontosaurus tucki from the 'Stormberg' of southern Africa. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28: 702-711.
  • Butler RJ, Upchurch P, Norman DB. 2008b. The phylogeny of the ornithischian dinosaurs. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 6: 1-40.
  • Butler RJ, Galton PM, Porro LB, Chiappe LM, Henderson DM, Erickson GM. 2010. Lower limits of ornithischian body size inferred from a new Upper Jurassic heterodontosaurid from North America. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 277: 375- 381.
  • Charig AJ, Crompton AW. 1974. The alleged synonymy of Lycorhinus and Heterodontosaurus. Annals of the South African Museum 64: 167-189.
  • Cleuren J, De Vree F. 2000. Feeding in crocodilians. In: Schwenk K, ed. Feeding: form, function and evolution in terrestrial vertebrates. San Diego: Academic Press, 337- 358.
  • Colbert EH. 1981. A primitive ornithischian dinosaur from the Kayenta Formation of Arizona. Bulletin of the Museum of Northern Arizona 53: 1-61.
  • Cooper MR. 1985. A revision of the ornithischian dinosaur Kangnasaurus coetzeei Haughton, with a classification of the Ornithischia. Annals of the South African Museum 95: 281-317.
  • Crompton AW. 1968. In search of the 'insignificant'. Discovery. Yale Peabody Museum 3: 23-32.
  • Crompton AW, Attridge J. 1986. Masticatory apparatus of the larger herbivores during the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic times. In: Padian K, ed. The beginning of the Age of Dinosaurs. New York: Cambridge University Press, 223- 236.
  • Crompton AW, Charig AJ. 1962. A new ornithischian from the Upper Triassic of South Africa. Nature 196: 1074- 1077.
  • DeMar R. 1972. Evolutionary implications of Zahnreihen. Evolution 26: 435-450.
  • Edmund AG. 1957. On the special foramina in the jaws of many ornithischian dinosaurs. Contributions to the Life Sciences Division of the Royal Ontario Museum, Canada 48: 1-14.
  • Edmund AG. 1960. Tooth replacement phenomena in the lower vertebrates. Contributions to the Life Sciences Division of the Royal Ontario Museum, Canada 52: 1-190.
  • Edmund AG. 1969. Dentition. In: Gans C, ed. Biology of the Reptilia. London & New York: Academic Press, 117- 200.
  • Evans DC, Ridgely R, Witmer LM. 2009. Endocranial anatomy of lambeosaurine hadrosaurids (Dinosauria: Ornithischia): a sensorineural perspective on cranial crest function. The Anatomical Record 292: 1315- 1337.
  • Ewer RF. 1965. The anatomy of the thecodont reptile Euparkeria capensis Broom. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 248: 379- 435.
  • Fastnacht M. 2008. Tooth replacement pattern in Coloborhynchus robustus (Pterosauria) from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil. Journal of Morphology 269: 332- 348.
  • Forster CA. 1990. The postcranial skeleton of the ornithopod dinosaur Tenontosaurus tilletti. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 10: 273-294.
  • Galton PM. 1972. Classification and evolution of ornithopod dinosaurs. Nature 239: 464-466.
  • Galton PM. 1973a. The cheeks of ornithischian dinosaurs. Lethaia 6: 67-89.
  • Galton PM. 1973b. Redescription of the skull and mandible of Parksosaurus from the Late Cretaceous with comments on the family Hypsilophodontidae (Ornithischia). Life Science Contributions, Royal Ontario Museum 89: 1- 21.
  • Galton PM. 1974. The ornithischian dinosaur Hypsilophodon from the Wealden of the Isle of Wight. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology 25: 1-152.
  • Galton PM. 1978. Fabrosauridae, the basal family of ornithischian dinosaurs (Reptilia: Ornithopoda). Palaontologische Zeitschrift 52: 138-159.
  • Galton PM. 1983. The cranial anatomy of Dryosaurus, a hypsilophodontid dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic of North America and East Africa, with a review of hypsilophodontids from the Upper Jurassic of North America. Geologica et Palaeontologica 17: 207-243.
  • Galton PM. 1984. Cranial anatomy of the prosauropod dinosaur Plateosaurus from the Knollenmergel (Middle Keuper, Upper Triassic) of Germany. I. Two complete skulls from Trossingen/Wurttemburg with comments on the diet. Geologica et Palaeontologica 18: 139-171.
  • Galton PM. 1986. Herbivorous adaptations of Late Triassic and Early Jurassic dinosaurs. In: Padian K, ed. The beginning of the Age of Dinosaurs: faunal change across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 203-221.
  • Galton PM. 2002. New material of the ornithischian (?heterodontosaurid) dinosaur Echinodon (Early Cretaceous, southern England) from the Late Jurassic of Fruita near Grand Junction, Colorado, USA. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22 (Abstracts): 55A.
  • Galton PM. 2007. Teeth of ornithischian dinosaurs (mostly Ornithopoda) form the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of the western United States. In: Carpenter K, ed. Horns and beaks: ceratopsian and ornithopod dinosaurs. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 17-47.
  • Galton PM, Upchurch P. 2004a. Prosauropoda. In: Weishampel DB, Dodson P, Osmolska H, eds. The Dinosauria, 2nd edn. Berkeley: University of California Press, 232- 258.
  • Galton PM, Upchurch P. 2004b. Stegosauria. In: Weishampel DB, Dodson P, Osmolska H, eds. The Dinosauria, 2nd edn. Berkeley: University of California Press, 343- 362.
  • Gauthier J. 1986. Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds. Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences 8: 1-55.
  • George JC, Berger AJ. 1966. Avian myology. London: Academic Press.
  • Ginsburg L. 1964. Decouverte d'un scelidosaurien (dinosaure ornithischien) dans le Trias superieur du Basutoland. Comptes Rendus hebdomadaires de l'Academie des Sciences, Paris 258: 2366-2368.
  • Gorniak GC, Rosenberg HI, Gans C. 1982. Mastication in the tuatara Sphenodon punctatus (Reptilia: Rhynchocephalia): structure and activity of the motor system. Journal of Morphology 171: 321-353.
  • Gow CE. 1975. A new heterodontosaurid from the Red Beds of South Africa showing clear evidence of tooth replacement. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (London) 57: 335-339.
  • Gow CE. 1990. A tooth-bearing maxilla referable to Lycorhinus angustidens Haughton, 1924 (Dinosauria: Ornithischia). Annals of the South African Museum 99: 367-380.
  • Haas G. 1955. The jaw musculature of Protoceratops and in other ceratopsians. American Museum Novitates 1729: 1-24.
  • Haas G. 1969. On the jaw muscles of ankylosaurs. American Museum Novitates 2399: 1-11.
  • Haas G. 1973. Muscles of the jaws and associated structures in the Rhychocephalia and Squamata. In: Gans C, ed. Biology of the Reptilia, Vol. 3. London: Academic Press, 285-490.
  • Harris JD. 2004. Confusing dinosaurs with mammals: tetrapod phylogenetics and anatomical terminology in the world of homology. The Anatomical Record Part A 281A: 1240- 1246.
  • Haubold H. 1990. Ein neuer Dinosaurier (Ornithischia, Thyreophora) aus dem unteren Jura des nordlichen Mitteleuropa. Revue de Paleobiologie 9: 149-177.
  • Haughton SH. 1924. The fauna and stratigraphy of the Stormberg Series. Annals of the South African Museum 12: 323-497.
  • He XL, Cai K. 1984. [The Middle Jurassic dinosaurian fauna from Dashanpu, Zigong, Sichuan, Vol. 1, The ornithopod dinosaurs]. Chengdu: Sichuan Scientific and Technological Publishing House. [In Chinese with English summary].
  • Herring SW. 1972. Sutures - a tool in functional cranial analysis. Acta Anatomica 83: 222-247.
  • Holliday CM. 2009. New insights into dinosaur jaw muscle anatomy. The Anatomical Record 292: 1246-1265.
  • Holliday CM, Witmer LM. 2007. Archosaur adductor chamber evolution: integration of musculoskeletal and topological criteria in jaw muscle homology. Journal of Morphology 268: 457-484.
  • Holliday CM, Witmer LM. 2008. Cranial kinesis in dinosaurs: intracranial joints, protractor muscles, and their significance for cranial evolution and function in diapsids. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28: 1073-1088.
  • Hopson JA. 1975. On the generic separation of the ornithischian dinosaurs Lycorhinus and Heterodontosaurus from the Stormberg Series (Upper Triassic) of South Africa. South African Journal of Science 71: 302-305.
  • Hopson JA. 1980. Tooth function and replacement in early Mesozoic ornithischian dinosaurs: implications for aestivation. Lethaia 13: 93-105.
  • Huxley TH. 1869. On Hypsilophodon a new genus of Dinosauria. Abstracts of the Proceedings of the Geological Society, London 204: 3-4.
  • Iordansky NN. 1964. The jaw muscles of crocodiles and some related structures of the crocodilian skull. Anatomischer Anzeiger 115: 256-280.
  • Iordansky NN. 1970. Structure and biomechanical analysis of functions of the jaw muscles in the lizards. Anatomischer Anzeiger 127: 282-413.
  • Iordansky NN. 1973. The skull of Crocodilia. In: Gans C, ed. The biology of the Reptilia, Vol. 4. London: Academic Press, 201-262.
  • Irmis RB, Parker WG, Nesbitt SJ, Liu J. 2007. Early ornithischian dinosaurs: the Triassic record. Historical Biology 19: 3-22.
  • Jin L, Chen J, Zan S, Butler RJ, Godefroit P. 2010. Cranial anatomy of the small ornithischian dinosaur Changchunsaurus parvus from the Quantou Formation (Cretaceous: Aptian-Cenomanian) of Jilin Province, northeastern China. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30: 196-214.
  • Jourdan F, Feraud G, Bertrand H, Kampunzu AB, Tshoso G, Watkeys MK. 2005. Karoo large igneous province: brevity, origin, and relation to mass extinction questioned by new 40Ar/39Ar age data. Geology 33: 745-748.
  • Jourdan F, Feraud G, Bertrand H, Watkeys MK. 2007. From flood basalts to the inception of oceanization: example from the 40Ar/39Ar high-resolution picture of the Karoo large igneous province. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 8: 1-20.
  • Jourdan F, Feraud G, Bertrand H, Watkeys MK, Renne PR. 2008. The 40Ar/39Ar ages of the sill complex of the Karoo large igneous province: implications for climate change. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 9: 1-20.
  • Kieser JA, Klapsidis C, Law L, Marion M. 1993. Heterodonty and patterns of tooth replacement in Crocodylus niloticus. Journal of Morphology 218: 195-201.
  • Kitching JW, Raath MA. 1984. Fossils of the Elliot and Clarens Formations (Karoo Sequence) of the Northeastern Cape, Orange Free State and Lesotho, and a suggested biozonation based on tetrapods. Palaeontologia Africana 25: 111-125.
  • Knoll F. 2002a. New skull of Lesothosaurus (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) form the Upper Elliot Formation (Lower Jurassic) of southern Africa. Geobios 35: 595-603.
  • Knoll F. 2002b. Nearly complete skull of Lesothosaurus (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Upper Elliot Formation (Lower Jurassic: Hettangian) of Lesotho. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22: 238-243.
  • Kuhn O. 1966. Die Reptilien, System und Stammesgeschichte. Oeben: Krailling bei Munchen.
  • Lakjer T. 1926. Studien uber die Trigeminus-versorgte Kaumuskulatur der Sauropsiden. Reitzel: Copenhagen.
  • Langer MC. 2003. The pelvic and hind limb anatomy of the stem-sauropodomorph Saturnalia tupiniquim (Late Triassic, Brazil). PaleoBios 23: 1-40.
  • Langer MC. 2004. Basal Saurischia. In: Weishampel DB, Dodson P, Osmolska H, eds. The Dinosauria, 2nd edn. Berkeley: University of California Press, 25-46.
  • Langer MC, Benton MJ. 2006. Early dinosaurs: a phylogenetic study. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 4: 309- 358.
  • Lull RS, Wright NE. 1942. Hadrosaurian dinosaurs of North America. Geological Society of America. Special Paper: 1-242.
  • Luther A. 1914. Uber die vom N. Trigeminus versorgte Muskulatur der Amphibien. Acta Societas Scientiarum Fennica 44: 1-151.
  • Madison DR, Madison WP. 2003. MacClade: analysis of phylogeny and character evolution, Version 4.06. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates Inc.
  • Maidment SCR, Porro LB. 2010. Homology of the palpebral and origin of the supraorbital ossifications in ornithischian dinosaurs. Lethaia 43: 95-111.
  • Makovicky PJ. 2001. A Montanoceratops cerorhynchus (Dinosauria: Ceratopsia) braincase from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation of Alberta. In: Tanke DH, Carpenter K, eds. Mesozoic vertebrate life. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 243-262.
  • Maryanska T, Osmolska H. 1974. Results of the Polish-Mongolian palaeontological expeditions. Part V. Pachycephalosauria, a new suborder of ornithischian dinosaurs. Palaeontologia Polonica 30: 45-102.
  • Maryanska T, Osmolska H. 1984. Phylogenetic classification of ornithischian dinosaurs. In: Bogdanov NA, ed. Abstracts of 27th international geological congress. Moscow: Nauka Press, 286-287.
  • Maryanska T, Osmolska H. 1985. On ornithischian phylogeny. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 30: 137-150.
  • Maryanska T, Chapman RE, Weishampel DB. 2004. Pachycephalosauria. In: Weishampel DB, Dodson P, Osmolska H, eds. The Dinosauria, 2nd edn. Berkeley: University of California Press, 464-477.
  • Nesbitt SJ, Smith ND, Irmis RB, Turner AH, Downs A, Norell MA. 2009. A complete skeleton of a Late Triassic saurischian and the early evolution of dinosaurs. Science 326: 1530-1533.
  • Nicholls EL, Russell AP. 1985. Structure and function of the pectoral girdle of Struthiomimus altus (Theropoda: Ornithomimidae). Palaeontology 28: 643-677.
  • Norman DB. 1977. On the anatomy of the ornithischian dinosaur Iguanodon. Unpublished PhD dissertation, King's College London, UK.
  • Norman DB. 1980. On the ornithischian dinosaur Iguanodon bernissartensis from Belgium. Memoires de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique 178: 1-105.
  • Norman DB. 1984a. A systematic reappraisal of the reptile order Ornithischia. In: Reif W-E, Westphal F, eds. Proceedings of the third symposium on Mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems. Tubingen: Attempto Verlag, 157-162.
  • Norman DB. 1984b. On the cranial morphology and evolution of ornithopod dinosaurs. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London 52: 521-547.
  • Norman DB. 1985. The illustrated encyclopedia of dinosaurs. London: Salamander Books.
  • Norman DB. 1986. On the anatomy of Iguanodon atherfieldensis (Ornithischia: Ornithopoda). Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique 56: 281-372.
  • Norman DB. 2004. Basal Iguanodontia. In: Weishampel DB, Dodson P, Osmolska H, eds. The Dinosauria, 2nd edn. Berkeley: University of California Press, 413-437.
  • Norman DB, Barrett PM. 2002. Ornithischian dinosaurs from the Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian) of England. Special Papers in Palaeontology, Palaeontological Association 68: 161-189.
  • Norman DB, Weishampel DB. 1985. Ornithopod feeding mechanisms: their bearing on the evolution of herbivory. American Naturalist 126: 151-164.
  • Norman DB, Weishampel DB. 1991. Feeding mechanisms in some small herbivorous dinosaurs: processes and patterns. In: Rayner JMV, Wootton RJ, eds. Biomechanics in evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 161- 181.
  • Norman DB, Witmer LM, Weishampel DB. 2004a. Basal Ornithischia. In: Weishampel DB, Dodson P, Osmolska H, eds. The Dinosauria, 2nd edn. Berkeley: University of California Press, 325-334.
  • Norman DB, Witmer LM, Weishampel DB. 2004b. Basal Thyreophora. In: Weishampel DB, Dodson P, Osmolska H, eds. The Dinosauria, 2nd edn. Berkeley: University of California Press, 335-342.
  • Norman DB, Sues H-D, Witmer LM, Coria RA. 2004c. Basal Ornithopoda. In: Weishampel DB, Dodson P, Osmolska H, eds. The Dinosauria, 2nd edn. Berkeley: University of California Press, 393-412.
  • Novas FE. 1993. New information on the systematics and postcranial skeleton of Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis (Theropoda: Herrerasauridae) from the Ischigualasto Formation (Upper Triassic) of Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 13: 400-423.
  • Novas FE. 1996. Dinosaur monophyly. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 16: 723-741.
  • Novas FE, Cambiaso AV, Ambrosio A. 2004. A new basal iguanodontian (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia. Ameghiniana 41: 75-82.
  • Olsen PE, Baird D. 1986. The ichnogenus Atreipus and its significance for Triassic biostratigraphy. In: Padian K, ed. The beginning of the Age of Dinosaurs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 61-87.
  • Olsen PE, Galton PM. 1984. A review of the reptile and amphibian assemblages from the Stormberg of southern Africa, with special emphasis on the footprints and the age of the Stormberg. Palaeontologia Africana 25: 87-110.
  • Olshevsky G. 1991. A revision of the Parainfraclass Archosauria Cope, 1869, excluding the advanced Crocodylia, Mesozoic Meanderings, no 2. San Diego: Publications Requiring Research.
  • Osborn JW. 1970. New approach to Zahnreihen. Nature 225: 343-346.
  • Osborn JW. 1971. The ontogeny of tooth succession in Lacerta vivipara Jacquin (1787). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 179: 261-289.
  • Osborn JW. 1975. Tooth replacement: efficiency, patterns and evolution. Evolution 29: 180-186.
  • Ostrom JH. 1961. Cranial morphology of the hadrosaurian dinosaurs of North America. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 122: 33-186.
  • Ostrom JH. 1964. A functional analysis of jaw mechanics in the dinosaur Triceratops. Postilla 88: 1-35.
  • Owen R. 1842. Report on British Fossil Reptiles. Part 2. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (Plymouth) XI: 60-204.
  • Owen R. 1861. Monograph of the Fossil Reptilia of the Liassic Formations. Part 1. A monograph of a fossil dinosaur (Scelidosaurus harrisonii Owen) of the Lower Lias. Palaeontographical Society Monographs XII: 1-14.
  • Paul GS. 1988. Predatory dinosaurs of the world. New York: Simon and Schuster.
  • Peng G. 1990. [A new species of small ornithopod from Zigong, Sichuan]. Journal of the Zigong Dinosaur Museum 2: 19-27. [In Chinese].
  • Peng G. 1992. [Jurassic Ornithopod Agilisaurus louderbacki (Ornithopoda: Fabrosauridae) from Zigong, Sichuan, China]. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 30: 39-51. [In Chinese with English summary].
  • Perle A, Maryanska T, Osmolska H. 1982. Goyocephale lattimorei gen. et sp. n., a new flat-headed pachycephalosaur (Ornithischia, Dinosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 27: 115- 127.
  • Porro LB. 2007. Feeding and jaw mechanisms in Heterodontosaurus tucki using finite element analysis. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27: 131A.
  • Porro LB. 2009. Cranial biomechanics in the early dinosaur Heterodontosaurus. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Cambridge, UK.
  • Porro LB, Butler RJ, Barrett PM, Moore-Fay S, Abel RL (in press). New heterodontosaurid specimens from the Lower Jurassic of southern Africa and the early ornithischian dinosaur radiation. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
  • Rauhut OWM. 2003. The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special Papers in Palaeontology 69: 1-215.
  • Rayfield EJ. 2001. Cranial form and function in a large theropod dinosaur: a study using Finite Element Analysis. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Cambridge, UK.
  • Reig OA. 1963. La presencia de dinosaurios saurisquios en los 'Estrados de Ischigualasto' (Mesotriasico superior) de las Provincias de San Juan y La Rioja (Republica Argentina). Ameghiniana 3: 3-20.
  • Rensberger JM. 1973. An occlusion model for mastication and dental wear in some herbivorous mammals. Journal of Paleontology 47: 515-528.
  • Rensberger JM. 1975. Function in the cheek tooth evolution of some hypsodont geomyoid rodents. Journal of Paleontology 49: 10-22.
  • Romer AS. 1956. Osteology of the reptiles. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Rybczynski N, Tirabasso A, Bloskie P, Cuthbertson R, Holliday CM. 2008. A three-dimensional animation model of Edmontosaurus (Hadrosauridae) for testing chewing hypotheses. Palaeontologia Electronica 11: 14.
  • Santa Luca AP. 1980. The postcranial skeleton of Heterodontosaurus tucki (Reptilia: Ornithischia) from the Stormberg of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum 79: 159-211.
  • Santa Luca AP, Crompton AW, Charig AJ. 1976. A complete skeleton of the Late Triassic ornithischian Heterodontosaurus tucki. Nature 264: 324-328.
  • Scheetz RD. 1999. Osteology of Orodromeus makelai and the phylogeny of basal ornithopod dinosaurs. PhD dissertation, Montana State University, Bozeman, USA.
  • Schumacher GH. 1973. The head muscles and hyolaryngeal skeleton of turtles and crocodilians. In: Gans C, ed. The biology of the Reptilia, Vol. 4. London: Academic Press, 101-199.
  • Seeley HG. 1887. On the classification of the fossil animals commonly named Dinosauria. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 43: 165-171.
  • Sereno PC. 1984. The phylogeny of the Ornithischia: a reappraisal. In: Reif W-E and Westphal F, eds. Proceedings of the Third Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems Tubingen: Attempto Verlag, 219-226.
  • Sereno PC. 1986. Phylogeny of the bird-hipped dinosaurs. National Geographic Research 2: 234-256.
  • Sereno PC. 1987. The ornithischian dinosaur Psittacosaurus from the Lower Cretaceous of Asia and the relationships of the Ceratopsia. PhD dissertation, Columbia University, New York, USA.
  • Sereno PC. 1990. Psittacosauridae. In: Weishampel
  • Sereno PC. 1991a. Lesothosaurus, 'Fabrosaurids' and the early evolution of Ornithischia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 11: 234-256.
  • Sereno PC. 1991b. Basal archosaurs: phylogenetic relationships and functional implications. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 11 (Memoir 2): 53.
  • Sereno PC. 1993. The pectoral girdle and forelimb of the basal theropod Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 13: 425-450.
  • Sereno PC. 1999. The evolution of dinosaurs. Science 284: 2137-2147.
  • Sereno PC. 2000. The fossil record, systematics and evolution of pachycephalosaurs and ceratopsians from Asia. In: Benton MJ, Shishkin MA, Unwin DM, Kurochkin EN, eds. The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 480-516.
  • Sereno PC. 2007. The phylogenetic relationships of early dinosaurs: a comparative report. Historical Biology 19: 145- 155.
  • Sereno PC, Dong Z-M. 1992. The skull of the basal stegosaur Huayangosaurus taibaii and a cladistic diagnosis of Stegosauria. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 12: 318- 343.
  • Sereno PC, Novas FE. 1993. The skull and neck of the basal theropod Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 13: 451-476.
  • Sereno PC, Chao S, Cheng Z, Rao C. 1988. Psittacosaurus meileyingensis (Ornithischia; Ceratopsia) a new psittacosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Northeastern China. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 8: 366-377.
  • Sereno PC, Xijin Z, Lin T. 2010. A new psittacosaur from Iner Mongolia and the parrot-like structure and function of the psittacosaur skull. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 277: 199-209.
  • Smith JB. 1997. Heterodontosauridae. In: Currie PJ, Padian K, eds. Encyclopaedia of dinosaurs. San Diego: Academic Press, 317-320.
  • Smith KK. 1982. The electromyographic study of the function of the jaw adducting muscles in Varanus exanthematicus (Varanidae). Journal of Morphology 173: 137- 158.
  • Smith RMH. 1990. A review of stratigraphy and sedimentary environments of the Karoo Basin of South Africa. Journal of African Earth Science 10: 117-137.
  • Steel R. 1969. Ornithischia. Handbuch der Palaoherpetologie, Vol. 15. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag.
  • Sues H-D. 1980. Anatomy and relationships of a new hypsilophodontid dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of North America. Palaeontographica, Abteilung A 169: 51-72.
  • Sues H-D, Galton PM. 1987. Anatomy and classification of the North American Pachycephalosauria (Dinosauria: Ornithischia). Palaeontographica, Abteilung A 198: 1-40.
  • Swofford DL. 2002. PAUP* (phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (*and other methods), Version 4.0b10. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates Inc.
  • Throckmorton GS. 1976. Oral food processing in two herbivorous lizards, Iguana iguana (Iguanidae) and Uromastix aegyptius (Agamidae). Journal of Morphology 48: 363- 390.
  • Thulborn RA. 1970a. The skull of Fabrosaurus australis, a Triassic ornithischian dinosaur. Palaeontology 13: 414- 432.
  • Thulborn RA. 1970b. The systematic position of the Triassic ornithischian dinosaur Lycorhinus angustidens. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (London) 49: 235-245.
  • Thulborn RA. 1971a. Tooth wear and jaw action in the Triassic ornithischian dinosaur Fabrosaurus. Journal of Zoology 164: 165-179.
  • Thulborn RA. 1971b. Origin and evolution of ornithischian dinosaurs. Nature 234: 75-78.
  • Thulborn RA. 1972. The postcranial skeleton of the Triassic ornithischian dinosaur Fabrosaurus australis. Palaeontology 15: 29-60.
  • Thulborn RA. 1974. A new heterodontosaurid dinosaur (Reptilia: Ornithischia) from the Upper Triassic Red Beds of Lesotho. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (London) 55: 151-175.
  • Thulborn RA. 1978. Aestivation among ornithopod dinosaurs of the African Trias. Lethaia 11: 185-198.
  • Thulborn RA. 1992. Taxonomic characters of Fabrosaurus australis, an ornithischian dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic of southern Africa. Geobios 25: 283-292.
  • Tykoski RS, Rowe T. 2004. Ceratosauria. In: Weishampel DB, Dodson P, Osmolska H, eds. The Dinosauria, 2nd edn. Berkeley: California University Press, 47-70.
  • Van Drongelen W, Dullemeijer P. 1982. The feeding apparatus of Caiman crocodilus: a functional-morphological study. Anatomischer Anzeiger 151: 337-366.
  • Vanden Berge JC, Zweers GA. 1993. Myologia. In: Baumel JJ, King AS, Breazile JE, Evans HE, Vanden Berge JC, eds. Avaian anatomy: Nomina anatomica Avium. Cambridge, MA: Nuttall Ornithological Club, 189-247.
  • Weishampel DB. 1984. The evolution of jaw mechanisms in ornithopod dinosaurs. Advances in Anatomy, Embryology and Cell Biology 87: 1-110.
  • Weishampel DB. 1990. Ornithopoda. In: Weishampel DB, Dodson P, Osmolska H, eds. The dinosauria, 1st edn. Berkeley: University of California Press, 484-485.
  • Weishampel DB, Heinrich RE. 1992. Systematics of Hypsilophodontidae and basal Iguanodontia (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda). Historical Biology 6: 159-184.
  • Weishampel DB, Norman DB. 1989. Vertebrate herbivory in the Mesozoic: jaws, plants and evolutionary metrics. In: Farlow JO, ed. Paleobiology of dinosaurs. Boulder: Geological Society of America, Special Paper, 87-100.
  • Weishampel DB, Witmer LM. 1990. Heterodontosauridae. In: Weishampel DB, Dodson P, Osmolska H, eds. The Dinosauria. Berkeley: University of California Press, 486- 497.
  • Weishampel DB, Jianu CM, Csiki Z, Norman DB. 2003. Osteology and phylogeny of Zalmoxes (n.g.), an unusual euornithopod dinosaur from the latest Cretaceous of Romania. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 1: 65-123.
  • Welles SP. 1984. Dilophosaurus wetherilli (Dinosauria, Theropoda), osteology and comparisons. Palaeontographica, Abteilung A 185: 85-180.
  • Witmer LM. 1995. The extant phylogenetic bracket and the importance of reconstructing soft tissues in fossils. In: Thomason JJ, ed. Functional morphology in vertebrate paleontology. New York: Cambridge University Press, 19-33.
  • Witmer LM. 1997. The evolution of the antorbital cavity of archosaurs: a study in soft-tissue reconstruction in the fossil record with an analysis of the function of pneumaticity. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 17: 73.
  • Witmer LM. 2009. Dinosaurs: fuzzy origins for feathers. Nature 458: 295-295.
  • Woerderman MW. 1919. Beitrage zur Entwichlungsgeschichte von Zahnen und Gebiss der Reptiien I-III. Archiv fur mikroskopische Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte 92: 105-244.
  • Xu X, Makovicky PJ, Wang XL, Norell MA, You H-L. 2002. A ceratopsian dinosaur from China and the early evolution of Ceratopsia. Nature 416: 314-317.
  • Xu X, Forster CA, Clark JM, Mo J. 2006. A basal ceratopsian with transitional freatures from the Late Jurassic of northwestern China. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 273: 2135-2140.
  • Yates AM. 2003. A new species of the primitive dinosaur Thecodontosaurus (Saurischia: Sauropodomorpha) and its implications for the systematics of early dinosaurs. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 1: 1-42.
  • Yates AM, Hancox PJ, Rubidge BS. 2004. First record of a sauropod dinosaur from the upper Elliot Formation (Early Jurassic) of South Africa. South African Journal of Science 100: 504-506.
  • You H-L, Dodson P. 2003. Redescription of neoceratopsian dinosaur Archaeoceratops and early evolution of Neoceratopsia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 48: 261-272.
  • You H-L, Dodson P. 2004. Basal Ceratopsia. In: Weishampel DB, Dodson P, Osmolska H, eds. The Dinosauria, 2nd edn. Berkeley: University of California Press, 478-493.
  • You H-L, Xu X, Wang X-L. 2003. A new genus of Psittacosauridae (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) and the Origin and Early Evolution of Marginocephalian Dinosaurs. Acta Geologica Sinica 77: 15-20.
  • Zhao X-J, Cheng Z-W, Xu X. 1999. The earliest ceratopsian from Tuchengzi Formation of Liaoning, China. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19: 681-691.
  • Zhao X-J, Cheng Z, Xu X, Makovicky PJ. 2006. A new ceratopsian from the Upper Jurassic Houcheng Formation of Hebei, China. Acta Geologica Sinica 80: 467- 473.
  • Zheng X-T, You H-L, Xu X, Dong Z-M. 2009. An Early Cretaceous heterodontosaurid dinosaur with integumentary structures. Nature 458: 333-336.