Liriomyza trifolii

Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess)

(Fig. 80)

Material examined. NORTH CAROLINA: Scotland Co., Laurinburg, St. Andrews University, 20.v.2018, em. 4.vi.2018, T. S. Feldman, ex Mecardonia acuminata, # CSE4579, CNC1135666–1135670, CNC1144089 (3♁ 3♀).

Hosts. (Note: underlined hosts are from a greenhouse experiment.) Amaranthaceae: Amaranthus palmeri S.Watson, Beta vulgaris L., Chenopodium album L., Spinacia oleracea L.; Amaryllidaceae: Allium cepa L.; Apiaceae: Apium graveolens L., Daucus carota L.; Araliaceae: Hydrocotyle umbellata L., H. verticillata Thunb.; Asteraceae: Ageratum L. (Heinz & Parrella 1990), [Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.], “ Aster ” (cultivated), Baccharis halimifolia L., Bidens alba (L.) DC., B. pilosa L., Callistephus chinensis (L.) Nees, Chrysanthemum × morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl., Conoclinium coelestinum DC., [Cosmos bipinnatus Cav.], Dahlia Cav., Erechtites hieraciifolius (L.) Raf. ex DC., Eupatorium capillifolium (Lam.) Small ex Porter & Britton, E. serotinum Michx., Flaveria trinervia (Spreng.) C.Mohr, Gaillardia aristata Pursh, Galinsoga quadriradiata Ruiz & Pav., Gamochaeta pensylvanica (Willd.) Cabrera, Gerbera jamesonii Bolus, Helianthus annuus L., Hymenopappus scabiosaeus L’Hér., Lactuca canadensis L., L. sativa L., [Leucanthemum vulgare Lam.], Melanthera nivea (L.) Small, Mikania scandens (L.) Willd., Packera glabella (Poir.) C.Jeffrey, Parthenium hysterophorus L., “ Senecio ”, Sonchus asper (L.) Hill, S. oleraceus L., Symphyotrichum cordifolium (L.) G.L.Nesom, Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn., Tagetes erecta L., Taraxacum officinale F.H.Wigg., Tridax procumbens L., [Vernonia gigantea (Walter) Trel.], Xanthium L., Zinnia L.; Caryophyllaceae: Gypsophila L.; Cucurbitaceae: Cucumis melo L., C. sativus L., Cucurbita pepo L., Melothria pendula L.; Fabaceae: Crotalaria incana L., [Lathyrus japonicus Willd.], Medicago lupulina L., M. sativa L., Phaseolus lunatus L., P. vulgaris L., Pisum sativum L., Trifolium repens L., Vicia sativa L., Vigna luteola (Jacq.) Benth., V. radiata (L.) R.Wilczek, V. unguiculata (L.) Walp.; [Lamiaceae: Glechoma hederacea L.]; Malvaceae: Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench, “ Hibiscus ”, Malva moschata L.; Nyctaginaceae: Abronia villosa S.Watson; Plantaginaceae: * Mecardonia acuminata (Walter) Small, Plantago major L.; [Poaceae: Avena sativa L.; Polygonaceae: Fallopia convolvulus (L.) Á.L̂ve, Persicaria maculosa Gray.]; Ranunculaceae: Ranunculus repens L.; Solanaceae: Capsicum annuum L., Petunia Juss., Physalis angulata L., P. philadelphica Lam. (Pérez-Alquicira et al. 2019), P. pubescens L., Solanum americanum Mill., S. dulcamara L., S. lycopersicum L., S. melongena L., S. nigrum L., S. tuberosum L.; [Turneraceae: Piriqueta cistoides subsp. caroliniana (Walter) Arbo]; Verbenaceae: Verbena L.; Zygophyllaceae: Kallstroemia maxima (L.) Hook. & Arn., Tribulus terrestris L. (Eiseman & Lonsdale 2018 and references therein; see Lonsdale (2011) for additional host genera recorded outside of North America).

Leaf mine. (Fig. 80) Narrow and linear throughout; greenish to whitish, with dark green to black frass, typically in alternating strips or closely spaced grains, but in some cases partially forming a squiggly line. Mines are generally confined to the upper leaf surface, but some mines on Mecardonia were partly formed on the lower surface.

Puparium. Yellowish; formed outside the mine.

Phenology and voltinism. This species is multivoltine. We have collected larvae on 7 March in southern California, 26 March in Florida, and 20 May and 2 June in North Carolina, with adults emerging in 12–25 days in each case.

Distribution. Widespread in North, Central, and South America; introduced in the Old World. Largely restrict- ed to greenhouses in colder temperate regions (Lonsdale 2011).

Comments. This is the first record of any agromyzid from Mecardonia Ruiz & Pav.