Hepatitis C Virus: Genetic Characteristics, Advances and Current Challenges for Vaccine Development
Creators
- 1. Department of Medical Microbiology, Gulhane Medical Faculty, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
- 2. Department of Internal Medicine, Gulhane Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
Description
Özet
Hepatit C virusu (HCV) yüksek replikasyon oranı, genetik heterojenitesi (antijenik çeşitliliği), hücreden hücreye doğrudan geçebilmesi ve lipoviropartiküler maskeleme gibi özellikleri ile immün yanıttan kaçabilmekte ve yüksek kronikleşme riski taşımaktadır. Günümüzde başarı oranları %95’leri bulan yeni nesil tedavi stratejileri ile HCV’nin eradike edilebileceği düşünülmeye başlanmıştır. Bununla beraber, enfekte olduğunun farkında olmayan veya riskli davranışlar sergileyen kişilerle enfeksiyon yayılmaya devam etmektedir. Ayrıca, tedavinin HCV ilişkili sekelleri tam olarak ortadan kaldıramaması ve enfekte kişilerin sadece %10’unun tedaviye erişebilir olması gibi faktörler tedavi stratejilerinin virusun yayılımını önlemede tek başına yeterli olamayacağını göstermektedir. HCV’nin keşfinden günümüze 20 yıl gibi uzun bir süre geçmesine rağmen hala koruyucu bir aşı geliştirilmesinin önünde önemli engeller bulunmaktadır. Bunlar arasında virusun yapısal ve genetik özellikleri (yüksek antijenik heterojenitesi), zarf glikoproteinlerinin yoğun posttranslasyonel modifikasyonlara uğraması, yakın zamana kadar uygun bir hücre kültürü sisteminin geliştirilememesi, immünkompetan küçük hayvan modellerinin eksikliği, aşı etkinliğinin değerlendirilmesi için deneysel modellerin ve klinik çalışmaların planlanmasındaki zorluklar, başarılı tedavi ile virusun eradike edilebileceği şeklindeki iyimser görüş, bazı teknik güçlükler ve mali destek kısıtlılığı gibi nedenler öne çıkmaktadır. Tüm bu zorluklara rağmen, dünya genelinde HCV enfeksiyonları ile ilişkili mortalite ve morbiditeyi azaltmak için en uygun maliyetli strateji olan etkili bir koruyucu aşı geliştirilmesinde umut vadeden ilerlemeler de olmuştur. İmmün yanıt ile enfekte bireylerin bir bölümünde akut HCV enfeksiyonlarının temizlenebilmesi, yeni hücre kültürü sistemleri ve küçük hayvan modelleri, şempanzelerle yapılan aşı çalışmalarında alınan başarılı sonuçlar, bazı aşıların klinik deneme aşamalarına gelmiş olması, aşı teknolojisi ve stratejilerindeki ilerlemelerin sunduğu yeni fırsatlar bunlardan bazılarıdır. Bu derlemede geliştirilebilecek bir koruyucu aşının HCV enfeksiyonlarının yayılımını önlemedeki öneminin vurgulanması amaçlanmıştır. Ayrıca aşı geliştirme çalışmalarındaki güncel durum, karşılaşılan engeller ve bu engelleri aşmak için başvurulan alternatif stratejilere değinilmiştir.
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) can escape immune response and has a high risk of chronicity due to its high replication rate, genetic heterogeneity (antigenic diversity), direct cell-to-cell transmission and lipoviroparticular masking. Nowadays, it is thought that HCV can be eradicated with new generation treatment strategies with success rate of 95%. However, the infection continues to spread via patients who are unaware of their illness or exhibit risky behaviors. In addition, treatment cannot completely eliminate HCV-related sequelae and only 10% of infected people have access to treatment. These realities show that treatment strategies alone will not be sufficient to prevent the spread of the virus. Although 20 years have passed since the discovery of HCV, there are still significant obstacles to the development of a protective vaccine. The leading challenges include; structural and genetic characteristics of the virus (high antigenic heterogeneity), the highly posttranslational modification of envelope glycoproteins, the inability to develop a suitable cell culture system until recently, the lack of immunocompetent small animal models, the difficulties in planning experimental models and clinical trials for the evaluation of vaccine efficacy, optimistic view that successful treatment can eradicate the virus, some technical difficulties and limited financial support. Despite all these limitations, there have also been promising improvements in the development of an effective preventive vaccine, which is the most cost-effective strategy to reduce mortality and morbidity associated with HCV infections worldwide. Some of these include; clearance of acute HCV infections in some of the infected individuals with immune response, new cell culture systems and small animal models, successful results in vaccine studies with chimpanzees, some vaccines have come to clinical trial stages, new opportunities offered by advances in vaccine technology and strategies. In this review article, it is aimed to emphasize the importance of a protective vaccine could be developed to prevent the spread of HCV infections. In addition, the current situation in vaccine development studies, the obstacles encountered and alternative strategies to overcome these obstacles are mentioned.
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