Comparative transcriptomics of a monocotyledonous geophyte reveals shared molecular mechanisms of underground storage organ formation

Many species from across the vascular plant tree-of-life have modified standard plant tissues into tubers, bulbs, corms, and other underground storage organs (USOs), unique innovations which allow these plants to retreat underground. Our ability to understand the developmental and evolutionary forces that shape these morphologies is limited by a lack of studies on certain USOs and plant clades; Bomarea multiflora (Alstroemeriaceae) fills a key gap in our understanding of USO molecular development as the first monocot with tuberous roots to be the focus of this kind of research.  We take a comparative transcriptomics approach to characterizing the molecular mechanisms of tuberous root formation in B. multiflora and compare these mechanisms to those identified in other USOs across diverse plant lineages. We sequenced transcriptomes from the growing tip of four tissue types (aerial shoot, rhizome, fibrous root, and root tuber) of three individuals of B. multiflora.  We identify differentially expressed isoforms between tuberous and non-tuberous roots and test the expression of a priori candidate genes implicated in underground storage in other taxa. We identify 271 genes that are differentially expressed in root tubers versus non-tuberous roots, including genes implicated in cell wall modification, defense response, and starch biosynthesis. We also identify a phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein (PEBP), which has been implicated in tuberization signalling in other taxa and, through gene-tree analysis, place this copy in a phylogenetic context. These findings suggest that some similar molecular processes underlie the formation of underground storage structures across flowering plants despite the long evolutionary distances among taxa and non-homologous morphologies (e.g., bulbs versus tubers).