Bryozoan genera Fenestrulina and Microporella no longer confamilial; multi-gene phylogeny supports separation

Bryozoans are a moderately diverse, mostly marine phylum with a fossil record extending to the Early Ordovician.

Compared to other phyla, little is known about their phylogenetic relationships at both lower and higher taxonomic

levels. Hence, an effort is being made to elucidate their phylogenetic relationships. Here, we present newly sequenced

nuclear and mitochondrial genes for 21 cheilostome bryozoans. Combining these data with existing orthologous

molecular data, we focus on reconstructing the phylogenetic relationships of Fenestrulina and Microporella, two

species-rich genera. They are currently placed in Microporellidae, defined by having a semicircular primary orifice

and a proximal ascopore. Our six-gene phylogenetic analysis reveals that the genera Fenestrulina and Microporella

are each monophyletic, with the sister clade to Microporella comprising non-microporellids. Our result hence supports

the reinstatement of the family Fenestrulinidae Jullien, 1888 for Fenestrulina and genera with comparable

frontal shield and ooecial morphologies. Our well-supported phylogeny, based on independent molecular data, lends

credit to existing phylogenetic hypotheses based on morphological observations but does not conform to the current

classification of these bryozoans. This illustrates the general need for a rethink of bryozoan higher level systematics,

ideally based on both morphological and molecular data.