Fig. 12. Abbreviated phylogenetic hypothesis of teleosts (modified from Betancur-R. et al., 2017) with distribution of certain character states discussed in the text. Yellow circle = fusion or ankylosis between medial extrascapular and parietal bones; red triangle = vertebrae anterior to preural centrum 2 with haemal arches and centra fused in juvenile-adult individuals; green square = silvery areas associated with gas bladder; black star = hypural 2 fused with ural centrum 2 [of the polyural terminology; ural centrum 1 of the diural terminology]. N = non applicable.