Fig.1: Individual life history and natural habitats of Cataglyphis ants. (A) The ants spend c. 4 weeks in the dark nest perform- ing interior tasks (callow, interior I, II) before they move on to perform learning walks close to the nest entrance for 2 - 3 days and finally to foraging using path integration and guidance by the panoramic scenery for c. 7 days until the ants die. The daily course of the sun (solar ephemeris) depicted as accumulated snapshots of different horizontal (azimuthal) positions across the sky together with visual panorama elements (in green) used for navigation. Further details in the text. (B) Natural habitat of Cataglyphis fortis and experimental test field in Tunisia (3enzel Chaker, Tunisia 34°57'N, 10°24'E). (C) Natural habitat of Cataglyphis nodus and experimental test field in Southern Greece. Fhotograph in (C) by Fauline Fleischmann (Schinias National Fark near 3arathon, Greece 38°08'N, 24°02'E).