Info: Zenodo’s user support line is staffed on regular business days between Dec 23 and Jan 5. Response times may be slightly longer than normal.

Published December 31, 2012 | Version v1
Journal article Restricted

Redescription of two ghost shrimps (Decapoda: Axiidea: Callianassidae) from the Middle Miocene of the Central Paratethys: systematics, intraspecific variation, and in situ preservation

Description

Hyžný, Matúš, Hudáčková, Natália (2012): Redescription of two ghost shrimps (Decapoda: Axiidea: Callianassidae) from the Middle Miocene of the Central Paratethys: systematics, intraspecific variation, and in situ preservation. Zootaxa 3210: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.209484

Files

Restricted

The record is publicly accessible, but files are restricted to users with access.

Linked records

Additional details

References

  • Andrejeva-Grigorovich, A.S., Kovac, M., Halasova, E. & Hudackova, N. (2001) Litho and biostratigraphy of the Lower and Middle Miocene sediments of the Vienna Basin (NE part) on the basis of calcareous nannoplankton and foraminifers. Scripta Facultatis scientiarum naturalium Universitatis Masarykianae Brunensis, Geologia, 30, 23-27.
  • Bachmayer, F. (1953) Die Dekapodenfauna des tortonischen Leithakalkes von Deutsch-Altenburg (Niederosterreich). Mitteilungen der Geologischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 44, 237-262. (Dated 1951, published 1953)
  • Baker, W.H. (1907) Notes on South Australian decapod Crustacea. Part V. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 31, 173-191.
  • Barath, I., Nagy, A. & Kovac, M. (1994) Sandberg Member - Late Badenian Marginal Sediments on the Eastern Margin of the Vienna Basin. Geologicke prace, Spravy, 99, 59-66. [In Slovak with English Summary]
  • Barnard, K.H. (1947) Descriptions of new species of South African decapod Crustacea, with notes on synonymy and new records. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 11, 13, 361-392. [Dated 1946, published 1947]
  • Beschin, C., Busulini, A., De Angeli, A. & Tessier, G. (2002) Aggiornamento ai crostacei eocenici di cava "Main" di Arzignano (Vicenza, Italia settentrionale) (Crustacea, Decapoda). Studi e Ricerche - Associazione Amici Museo Zannato - Museo Civico "G. Zannato", 2002, 7-28.
  • Beschin, C., De Angeli, A. & Zorzin, R. (2009) Crostacei fossili del Veneto: una inedita fuana eocenica dei Lessini orientali (Monte Serea di San Giovanni Ilarione, Verona), con descrizione di tre nuove specie. Bolletino del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona, Geologia Paleontologia Preistoria, 33, 59-83.
  • Biffar, T.A. (1970) Three new species of callianassid shrimp (Decapoda, Thalassinidea) from the western Atlantic. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 83(3), 35-50.
  • Bishop, G.A. & Williams, A.B. (2005) Taphonomy and preservation of burrowing thalassinidean shrimps. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 118(1), 218-236.
  • Blanco-Rambla, J.P. (2000) Cuatro nuevos registros de especies del genero Neocallichirus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Callianassidae) para aguas venezolanas. Boletin del Instituto Oceanographico de Venezuela, Universidad de Oriente 39(1-2), 71-78.
  • Bogdanovicz, A.K. (1947) O rezultatach i zucenijia foraminifer miocena Krymsko-Kavkazskoj oblasti. In: Mikrofauna neftjanovych mestorozdenij Kavkaza, Emby i Srednej Azii. Trudy VNIGRI, Leningrad-Moskva. Pp. 5-33.
  • Borradaile, L.A. (1900) On the Stomatopoda and Macrura brought by Dr. Willey from the South Seas. In: Willey, A. (Ed.), Zoological results based on material from in New Britain, New Guinea, Loyalty Islands and elsewhere collected during the years 1895, 1896 and 1897. Vol. 4. Cambridge, University Press. Pp. 395-428.
  • Brocchi, P. (1883) Notes sur les Crustaces fossiles des terres tertiaires de la Hongrie. Annales des Sciences Geologiques, (2)14, 1-8.
  • Burkenroad, M.D. (1963) The evolution of the Eucarida, (Crustacea, Eumalacostraca), in relation to the fossil record. Tulane Studies in Geology, 2(1), 2-17.
  • Cicha, I., Ctyroka, J., Jiricek, R. & Zapletalova, I. (1975) Principal biozones of the Late Tertiary in Eastern Alps and West Carpathians. In: Cicha, I. (ed) Biozonal Division of the Upper Tertiary Basins of the Eastern Alps and West Carphatians. IUGS Proccedings of the VI. Congress Bratislava, 19-34.
  • Cicha, I., Rogl, F., Rupp, C. & Ctyroka, J. (1998) Oligocene - Miocene foraminifera of the Central Paratethys, 325 pp. Kramer, Frankfurt am Main.
  • Dana, J.D. (1852) Crustacea. Part I. United States Exploring Expedition, during the years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, under the command of Charles Wilkes, U.S.N.13, viii + 685 pp. Philadelphia: C. Sherman.
  • De Grave, S., Pentcheff, N.D., Ahyong, S.T., Chan, T.-Y., Crandall, K.A., Dworschak, P.C., Felder, D.L., Feldmann, R.M., Fransen, C.H.J.M., Goulding, L.Y.D., Lemaitre, R., Low, M.E.Y., Martin, J.W., Ng, P.K.L., Schweitzer, C.E., Tan, S.H., Tshudy, D. & Wetzer, R. (2009) A classification of living and fossil genera of decapod crustaceans. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Supplements, 21, 1-109.
  • d'Orbigny, A. (1846) Foraminiferes fossiles du Bassin Tertiare de Vienne. Paris, Gide. 1-312.
  • Desmarest, A.G. (1822) Histoire naturelle des Crustaces nouveaux de la cote occidentale du Mexique. Revue et Magasin de Zoologie, 2(5), 354-368.
  • Dworschak, P.C. (2005) A new species of Eucalliax Manning & Felder, 1991 (Decapoda: Callianassidae) from the Red Sea. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 118, 209-217.
  • Dworschak, P.C. (2006) A new species of Eucalliax Manning & Felder, 1991 (Decapoda: Callianassidae) from the Philippines. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 54(2), 349-359.
  • Dworschak, P.C. (2011a) Redescription of Callianassa jousseaumei Nobili, 1904, a junior (sic!) subjective synonym of Callianassa indica de Man, 1905 with description of a new species of Neocallichirus (Decapoda: Axiidea: Callianassidae). Zootaxa, 2746, 1-19.
  • Dworschak, P.C. (2011b) Redescription of Callianassa vigilax de Man, 1916, a subjective synonym of Neocallichirus denticulatus Ngoc-Ho, 1994 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Callianassidae). Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, B112, 137-151.
  • Ehrenberg, K. (1944) Erganzende Bemerkungen zu den seinerzeit aus dem Miozan von Burgschleinitz beschriebenen Gangkernen und Bauten dekapoder Krebse. Palaontologische Zeitschrift, 23, 354-359.
  • Felder, D.L. & Lovett, D.L. (1989) Relative growth and sexual maturation in the estuarine ghost shrimp Callianassa louisianensis Schmitt, 1935. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 9(4), 540-553.
  • Felder, D.L. & Manning, R.B. (1994) Description of the ghost shrimp Eucalliax mcilhennyi, new species, from south Florida, with reexamination of its known cogeners (Crustacea: Decapoda: Callianassidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 107, 340-353.
  • Felder, D.L. & Manning, R.B. (1995) Neocallichirus cacahuate, a new species of ghost shrimp from the Atlantic coast of Florida, with reexamination of N. grandimana and N. lemaitrei (Crustacea: Decapoda: Callianassidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 108(3), 477-490.
  • Felder, D.L. & Robles, R. (2009) Molecular phylogeny of the family Callianassidae based on preliminary analysis of two mitochondrial genes. In: Martin, J.W., Crandall, K.A. & Felder, D.L. (Eds), Decapod Crustacean Phylogenetics. Crustacean Issues 18. Taylor & Francis/CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 327-342.
  • Feldmann, R.M., Schweitzer, C.E., Casadio, S. & Griffin, M. (2011) New Miocene Decapoda (Thalassinidea: Brachyura) from Tierra del Fuego, Argentina: paleobiogeographic implications. Annals of Carnegie Museum, 79(2), 91-123.
  • Fraaije, R.H.B., van Bakel, B.W.M., Jagt, J.W.M. & Mollen, F.H. (2011) A new axiid (Crustacea: Decapoda: Axiidea) from the Neogene of Belgium and the Netherlands. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie, Abhandlungen, 260(2), 157- 163.
  • Gibbes, L.R. (1850) On the carcinological collections of the United States, and an enumeration of the species contained in them, with notes on the most remarkable, and descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 3rd meeting, 167-201.
  • Glaessner, M.F. (1928) Die Dekapodenfauna des osterreichischen Jungtertiars. Jahrbuch der Geologischen Bundesanstalt Wien, 78, 161-219.
  • Glaessner, M.F. (1929) Crustacea Decapoda. In. Pompeckj, F.J. (Ed.), Fossilium catalogus, 1: Animalium, 41, 1-464. W. Junk, Berlin.
  • Grill, R. (1941) Stratigraphische Untersuchungen mit Hilfe von Mikrofaunen imWiener Becken und den benachbarten Molasse-Anteilen. Oel und Kohle, 37, 595-602.
  • Harzhauser, M. & Piller, W.E. (2007) Benchmark data of a changing sea - Palaeogeography, Palaeobiogeography and events in the Central Paratethys during the Miocene. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 253, 8-31.
  • Harzhauser, M., Piller, W.E. & Steininger, F.F. (2002) Circum-Mediterranean Oligo-Miocene biogeographic evolution - the gastropods' point of view. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 183, 103-133.
  • Heard, R.W. (1989) Calliax jonesi, n. sp. (Decapoda: Thalassinidea: Callianassidae) from the Northwestern Bahamas. Gulf Research Reports, 8(2), 129-136.
  • Hyzny, M. (2011a) In situ mud shrimps (Decapoda: Axiidea: Callianassidae) preserved within their burrows from the middle Miocene of the Central Paratethys. Bulletin of the Mizunami Fossil Museum, 37, 37-46.
  • Hyzny M. (2011b) Synopsis of fossil decapod crustaceans from Slovakia (Western Carpathians). Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie, Abhandlungen, 260(2), 165-171.
  • Hyzny, M. & Muller, P.M. (2010) The first fossil record of the genus Callichirus (Decapoda, Axiidea, Callianassidae) from the middle Miocene of Hungary with description of new species. Bulletin of the Mizunami Fossil Museum, 36, 37-43.
  • Hyzny, M. & Schlogl, J. (2011) An early Miocene deep-water decapod crustacean faunule from the Vienna Basin (Western Carpathians, Slovakia). Palaeontology, 54(2), 323-349.
  • Karasawa, H. (1992) Fossil decapod crustaceans from the Manda Group (middle Eocene), Kyushu, Japan. Transactions and Proceedings of the Palaeontological Society of Japan, New series, 167, 1247-1258.
  • Karasawa, H. (1993) Cenozoic decapod Crustacea from southwest Japan. Bulletin of the Mizunami Fossil Museum, 20(1), 1- 92.
  • Karasawa, H. & Nakagawa, T. (2010) A new ghost shrimp (Decapoda: Thalassinidea) from the Miocene Kunimi Formation, Fukui Prefecture, Japan. Bulletin of the Mizunami Fossil Museum, 36, 31-36.
  • Karasawa, H., Tanaka, T., Kobayashi, N., Goda, T., Ohira, N. & Shinya, J. (2006) Podocallichirus grandis (Crustacea: Decapoda: Thalassinidea) preserved within burrows from the middle Pleistocene Atsumi Group of Aichi Prefecture, Japan. Bulletin of the Mizunami Fossil Museum, 33, 127-133. [In Japanese]
  • Kato, H. (1996) Miocene decapod Crustacea from the Chichibu Basin, central Japan. Transactions and Proceedings of the Palaeontological Society of Japan, (new series) 183, 500-521.
  • Kensley, B. (1976) Records of mud-prawns (genus Callianassa) from South Africa and Mauritius (Crustacea, Decapoda, Thalassinidea). Annals of the South African Museum, 69, 47-58.
  • Kishinouye, K. (1926) Two rare and remarkable forms of macrurous Crustacea from Japan. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses, 11, 63-70.
  • Kovac, M., Barath, I., Harzhauser, M., Hlavaty, I. & Hudackova, N. (2004) Miocene depositional systems and sequence stratigraphy of the Vienna Basin. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 246, 187-212.
  • Latreille, P.A. (1802-1803) Histoire naturelle, generale et particuliere, des Crustaces et des Insectes, 3, 1-468. F. Dufart, Paris.
  • Latreille, P.A. (1806) Genera Crustaceorum et Insectorum secundum Ordinem naturalem in Familias disposita, iconibus, exemplisque plurimus explicita, 1, 1-302. Apud Amand Koenig Bibliopolam, Paris.
  • Leach, W.E. (1814) Crustaceology. In: Brewster, D. (Ed.) The Edinburgh Encyclopedia. Blackwood, Edinburgh, pp. 383-437.
  • Lemaitre, R. & Ramos, G.E. (1992) A collectio of Thalassinidea (Crustacea: Decapoda) from the Pacific coast of Colombia, with description of a new species and a checklist of Eastern Pacific species. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 105, 343-358.
  • Lorenthey, E. (1897) Adatok Magyarorszag harmadkoru rak faunajahoz. Mathematikai es Termeszettudomanyi Ertesito, 15, 149-169.
  • Lorenthey, E. (1898a) Beitrage zur Decapodenfauna des ungarischen Tertiars. Mathematischen und Naturwissenschaftlichen Berichte aus Ungarn, 14, 92-115.
  • Lorenthey, E. (1898b) Adatok Magyarorszag harmadkoru rak-faunajahoz. Mathematikai es Termeszettudomanyi Kozllemenyek, 27(2), 103-271.
  • Lorenthey, E. (1898c) Beitrage zur Decapodenfauna des Ungarischen Tertiars. Termeszetrajzi Fuzetek, 21, 1-133.
  • Lorenthey, E. & Beurlen, K. (1929) Die fossilen Dekapoden der Lander der Ungarischen Krone. Geologica Hungarica, Series Palaeontologica, 3, 1-421.
  • Lundgren, S.A.B. (1891) Studien ofver fossilforande losa block. Geologiska Foreningens i Stockholm Forhandlingar, 13, 111- 121.
  • Manning, R.B. (1987) Notes on western Atlantic Callianassidae (Crustacea: Decapoda: Thalassinidea). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 100(2), 386-401.
  • Manning, R.B. (1993) Two new species of Neocallichirus from the Caribbean Sea (Crustacea: Decapoda: Callianassidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 106, 106-114.
  • Manning, R.B. & Felder, D.L. (1991) Revision of the American Callianassidae (Crustacea: Decapoda: Thalassinidea). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 104(4), 764-792.
  • Manning, R.B. & Lemaitre, R. (1994) Sergio, a new genus of ghost shrimp from the Americas (Crustacea: Decapoda: Callianassidae). Nauplius, 1, 39-43.
  • Mourik, A.A., Fraaije, R.H.B., van der Zwaan, G.J. & Scheer, U. (2005) The burrowing shrimp Protocallianassa faujasi (Crustacea, Decapoda, Thalassinoidea), from the lower Campanian at Dulmen, Germany. Bulletin of the Mizunami Fossil Museum, 32, 1-12.
  • Muller, P. (1976) Decapoda (Crustacea) fauna a budapesti miocenbol (3). Foldtani Kozlony, Bulletin of the Hungarian Geological Society, 105, 506-517.
  • Muller, P. (1979) Decapoda (Crustacea) fauna a budapesti miocenbol (5). Foldtani Kozlony, Bulletin of the Hungarian Geological Society, 108, 272-318.
  • Muller, P. (1984) Decapod Crustacea of the Badenian. Geologica Hungarica, Series Palaeontologica, 42, 3-317.
  • Muller, P. (1993) Neogene Decapod Crustaceans from Catalonia. Scripta Musei Geologici Seminarii Barcinonensis, 225, 1-39.
  • Muller, P. (1996) Middle Miocene decapod Crustacea from southern Poland. Prace Muzeum Ziemi, 43, 3-16.
  • Muller, P. (1998) Crustacea Decapoda. In. Flugel, H. W. (Ed.): Catalogus Fossilium Austriae, 1-48 Wien (Verlag der Osterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften).
  • Murray, P.F. & Hanley, J.R. (1986) Unmuddling the mud lobster; observations on the age and taphonomy of fossil Thalassina. The Beagle, Occasional papers of the Northern Territory Museum of Arts and Sciences, 3, 59-70.
  • Ngoc-Ho, N. (2003) European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema, 25(3), 439-555.
  • Nobili, G. (1904) Diagnoses preliminaires de vingt-huit especes nouvelles de Stomatopodes et Decapodes Macroures de la Mer Rouge. Bulletin du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, 10, 230-238.
  • Nobili, G. (1906) Faune carcinologique de la Mer Rouge: Decapodes et Stomatopodes. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie, (9)4, 1-347.
  • Piller, W.E., Harzhauser, M. & Mandic, O. (2007) Miocene Central Paratethys stratigraphy - current status and future directions. Stratigraphy, 4(2/3), 151-168.
  • Poore, G.C.B. (1994) A phylogeny of the families of Thalassinidea (Crustacea: Decapoda) with keys to families and genera. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria, 54, 79-120.
  • Poore, G.C.B. (2000) A new genus and species of callianassid ghost shrimp from Kyushu, Japan (Decapoda: Thalassinidea).
  • Poore, G.C.B. & Griffin, D.J.G. (1979) The Thalassinidea (Crustacea: Decapoda) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum, 32(6), 217-321.
  • Portell, R.W. & Agnew, J.G. (2004) Pliocene and Pleistocene decapod crustaceans. Florida Fossil Invertebrates, 4, 1-29.
  • Radwanski, A. & Wysocka, A. (2004) A farewell to Swiniary sequence of mass-aggregated, spine-coated echinoids Psammechinus and their associates (Middle Miocene; Holy Cross Mountains, Central Poland). Acta Geologica Polonica, 54(3), 381-399.
  • Rodrigues, S. de A. & Manning, R.B. (1992) Two new callianassid shrimps from Brazil (Crustacea: Decapoda: Thalassinidea). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 105, 324-330.
  • Rogl, F. (1998) Palaeogeographic considerations for Mediterranean and Paratethys seaways (Oligocene to Miocene). Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, 99, 279-310.
  • Rogl, F. (1999) Mediterranean and Paratethys. Facts and hypotheses of an Oligocene to Miocene paleogeography (short overview). Geologica Carpathica, 50, 339-349.
  • Saint Laurent, M. de (1973) Sur la systematique et la phylogenie des Thalassinidea: definition des familles des Callianassidae et des Upogebiidae et diagnose de cinq genres nouveaux (Crustacea Decapoda). Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires de Seances de l'Academie des Sciences, serie D, 277, 513-516.
  • Saint Laurent, M. de (1979) Sur la classification et la phylogenie des Thalassinides: definitions de la superfamille des Axioidea, de la sous-famille des Thomassiniinae et de deux genres nouveaux (Crustacea Decapoda). Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires de Seances de l'Academie des Sciences, Paris, 288, 1395-1397.
  • Saint Laurent, M. de & Le Loeuff, P. (1979) Upogebiidae et Callianassidae. Crustaces Decapodes Thalassinidea, 1. Campagnes de la Calypso au large des cotes Atlantiques africaines (1956 et 1959) (suite), 22. Resultats scientifiques des campagnes de la Calypso, 11, 29-101.
  • Saint Laurent, M. de & Manning, R.B. (1982) Calliax punica, espece nouvelle de Callianassidae (Crustacea, Decapoda) des eaux mediterraneennes. Quaderni del Laboratorio di Tecnologia della Pesca, 3(2-5), 211-224.
  • Sakai, K. (1988) A new genus and five new species of Callianassidae (Crustacea: Decapoda: Thalassinidea) from Northern Australia. The Beagle, Records of the Northern Territory Museum of Arts and Sciences, 5(1), 51-69.
  • Sakai, K. (1999) Synopsis of the family Callianassidae, with keys to subfamilies, genera and species, and the description of new taxa (Crustacea: Decapoda: Thalassinidea). Zoologische Verhandelingen (Leiden), 326, 1-152.
  • Sakai, K. (2005) Callianassoidea of the world (Decapoda: Thalassinidea). Crustaceana Monographs, 4, 1-285.
  • Sakai, K. (2011) Axioidea of the World and a Reconsideration of the Callianassoidea (Decapoda, Thalassinidea, Callianassida). Crustaceana Monographs, 13, 1-520.
  • Schweitzer, C.E. & Feldmann, R.M. (2002) New Eocene decapods (Thalassinidea and Brachyura) from Southern California. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 22(4), 938-967.
  • Schweitzer, C.E., Feldmann, R.M., Fam, J.M., Hessin, W.A., Hetrick, S.W., Nyborg, T.G. & Ross, R.L.M. (2003) Cretaceous and Eocene decapod crustaceans from southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. Ottawa, Ontario: NRC Research Press. 66 pp.
  • Schweitzer, C.E., Feldmann, R.M., Garassino, A., Karasawa, H. & Schweigert, G. (2010) Systematic list of fossil decapod crustacean species. Crustaceana Monographs, 10, 1-222.
  • Schweitzer, C.E., Gonzalez-Barba, G., Feldmann, R.M. & Waugh, D.A. (2006a) Decapoda (Thalassinidea and Paguroidea) from the Eocene Bateque and Tepetate Formations, Baja California Sur, Mexico: systematics, cuticle microstructure, and paleoecology. Annals of Carnegie Museum, 74(4), 275-293.
  • Schweitzer, C.E., Iturralde-Vinent, M., Hetler, J.L. & Velez-Juarbe, J. (2006b) Oligocene and Miocene decapods (Thalassinoidea and Brachyura) from the Caribbean. Annals of Carnegie Museum, 75(2), 111-136.
  • Schweitzer Hopkins, C. & Feldmann, R.M. (1997) Sexual dimorphism in fossil and extant species of Callianopsis de Saint Laurent. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 17(2), 236-252.
  • Svagrovsky, J. (1981) Lithofazielle Entwicklung und Molluskenfauna des oberen Badeniens (Miozan M4d) in dem Gebiet Bratislava - Devinska Nova Ves. Zapadne Karpaty, seria paleontologia, 7, 5-204.
  • Swen, K., Fraaije, R.H.B., & Zwaan, G.J. van der (2001) Polymorphy and extinction of the Late Cretaceous burrowing shrimp Protocallianassa faujasi and first record of Corallianassa and Calliax (Crustacea, Decapoda, Thalassinoidea) from the Cretaceous. Contributions to Zoology, 70, 85-98.
  • Van Bakel, B.W.M., Fraaije, R.H.B. & Jagt, J.W.M. (2006) Synopsis of Cenozoic decapod crustaceans from Belgium. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geologicas, 23(3), 370-374.
  • Woodward, H. (1896) On some podophthalmatous Crustacea from the Cretaceous Formations of Vancouver and Queen Charlotte islands. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 52, 221-228.