Published April 23, 2026
| Version v1
Dataset
Open
FLEXPART-CTM global monthly fields of nitrous oxide mixing ratio
Description
Global 3D-fields of nitrous oxide (N2O) can provide boundary conditions for regional inversions. For the EYE-CLIMA project we prepared global fields of N2O for years 2005 until 2023 with the Lagrangian dispersion model FLEXPART8-CTM1.1 (Henne et al., 2018). Modelled fields were constrained to observations with the nudging routine presented by Groot Zwaaftink et al. (2018).
Meteorological input data were hourly ERA5 reanalysis fields (Hersbach et al., 2020) from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). Initial fields were based on the CAMS global inversion-optimised concentrations v21 (Thompson et al., 2014). Fluxes were derived from multiple inventories, including anthropogenic emissions (EDGARv8.0, Crippa et al., 2023), biomass burning (GFED4.1s, Randerson et al., 2017), oceans (BERN3D, Battaglia and Joos, 2018) and natural soils (O-CN, Zaehle and Friend, 2010). Furthermore, we used in-situ observations from the ICOS network (ICOS RI et al, 2024) and other networks and stations available from the WDCGG dataset (2024) to constrain modelled fields. Output results were averaged to monthly fields at 2 degrees resolution.
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Additional details
Software
- Repository URL
- https://zenodo.org/records/1249190
References
- Battaglia, G. and Joos, F.: Marine N2O Emissions From Nitrification and Denitrification Constrained by Modern Observations and Projected in Multimillennial Global Warming Simulations, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 32, 92–121, doi:10.1002/2017gb005671, 2018.
- Crippa, M., Guizzardi D., Pagani F., Banja M., Muntean M., Schaaf E., Becker, W., Monforti-Ferrario F., Quadrelli, R., Risquez Martin, A., Taghavi-Moharamli, P., Grassi, G., Rossi, S., Brandao De Melo, J., Oom, D., Branco, A., San-Miguel, J., Vignati, E.: EDGAR v8.0 Greenhouse Gas Emissions, European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC) [data set] https://doi.org/10.2905/b54d8149-2864-4fb9-96b9-5fd3a020c224, 2023.
- Groot Zwaaftink, C. D., Henne, S., Thompson, R. L., Dlugokencky, E. J., Machida, T., Paris, J.-D., Sasakawa, M., Segers, A., Sweeney, C., and Stohl, A.: Three-dimensional methane distribution simulated with FLEXPART 8-CTM-1.1 constrained with observation data, Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 4469–4487, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-4469-2018, 2018.
- Henne, S., Brunner, D., Groot Zwaaftink, C., & Stohl, A. (2018). FLEXPART 8-CTM-1.1: Atmospheric Lagrangian Particle Dispersion Model for global tracer transport (8-CTM-1.1). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1249190
- Hersbach, Hans, et al. "The ERA5 global reanalysis." Quarterly journal of the royal meteorological society 146.730 (2020): 1999-2049.
- ICOS RI, Apadula, F., Arnold, S., Bergamaschi, P., Biermann, T., Chen, H., Colomb, A., Conil, S., Couret, C., Cristofanelli, P., De Mazière, M., Delmotte, M., Di Lorio, T., Emmenegger, L., Forster, G., Frumau, A., Haszpra, L., Hatakka, J., Heliasz, M., Heltai, D., Hensen, A., Hermansen, O., Hoheisel, A., Kneuer, T., Komínková, K., Kubistin, D., Larmanou, E., Laurent, O., Laurila, T., Lehner, I., Lehtinen, K., Leskinen, A., Leuenberger, M., Levula, J., Lindauer, M., Lopez, M., Lund Myhre, C., Lunder, C., Mammarella, I., Manca, G., Manning, A., Marek, M.V., Marklund, P., Meinhardt, F., Molnár, M., Mölder, M., Müller-Williams, J., O'Doherty, S., Ottosson-Löfvenius, M., Piacentino, S., Pichon, J.-M., Pitt, J., Platt, S.M., Plaß-Dülmer, C., Ramonet, M., Rivas-Soriano, P., Roulet, Y.-A., Scheeren, B., Schmidt, M., Schumacher, M., Sferlazzo, D., Sha, M.K., Smith, P., Stanley, K., Steinbacher, M., Sørensen, L.L., Trisolino, P., Vítková, G., Yver-Kwok, C., Zazzeri, G., di Sarra, A., ICOS ATC-Laboratoires des Sciences du Climat et de L'Environnement (LSCE), France, ICOS Central Radiocarbon Laboratory (CRL), Germany, ICOS Flask And Calibration Laboratory (FCL), Germany, 2024. ICOS Atmosphere Release 2024-1 of Level 2 Greenhouse Gas Mole Fractions of CO2, CH4, N2O, CO, meteorology and 14CO2, and flask samples analysed for CO2, CH4, N2O, CO, H2, SF6 and 14C. https://doi.org/10.18160/0F1E-DKXT
- Randerson, J.T., G.R. van der Werf, L. Giglio, G.J. Collatz, and P.S. Kasibhatla. "Global Fire Emissions Database, Version 4.1 (GFEDv4)." ORNL Distributed Active Archive Center, 2017. doi:10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1293
- Thompson, R. L., Chevallier, F., Crotwell, A. M., Dutton, G., Langenfelds, R. L., Prinn, R. G., Weiss, R. F., Tohjima, Y., Nakazawa, T., Krummel, P. B., Steele, L. P., Fraser, P., O'Doherty, S., Ishijima, K., and Aoki, S.: Nitrous oxide emissions 1999 to 2009 from a global atmospheric inversion, 14, 1–17, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-1801-2014, 2014.
- WDCGG dataset. Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment Science Team(AGAGE), Atmospheric Chemistry Research Group School of Chemistry University of Bristol, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Environment and Climate Change Canada, German Environment Agency, German Meteorological Service, Global Monitoring Laboratory, NOAA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Japan Meteorological Agency, Korea Meteorological Administration, Meteorological Research Institute, Nagoya University, National Institute for Environmental Studies, National Institute in Space Research, National Institute of Environmental Research, National Institute of Meteorological Research, KMA, National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd., National Physical Laboratory, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, South African Weather Service, State Meteorological Agency of Spain, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Tohoku University, University of Exeter, University of Urbino, Dep. of Pure and Applied Sciences (DISPEA), A. Matsunami (NAGOU), Alcide di Sarra (ENEA), Bradley D. Hall (NOAA), Cedric Couret (UBAG), Chris Rennick (NPL), Christian Plass-Dulmer (DWD), Christina Harth (SIO), Colm Sweeney (NOAA), Daegeun Shin (KMA), Dagmar Kubistin (DWD), Damiano Sferlazzo (ENEA), Debra J. Mondeel (NOAA), Dickon Young (UNIVBRIS), Doug Worthy (ECCC), E Kozlova (UoE), Elise Guerette (CSIRO), Emilio Cuevas (AEMET), ENYO Kazutaka (JMA), Eunjung Kim (GERC), Francesco Monteleone (ENEA), Frank Meinhardt (UBAG), Geoffrey S. Dutton (NOAA), Haeyoung Lee (KMA), J. David Nance (NOAA), Jennifer Müller-Williams (DWD), Jens Mühle (SIO), Jgor Arduini (UNIURB), Jiyoung Kim (GERC), Joseph Pitt (UNIVBRIS), Kazuhiro Tsuboi (MRI), Kentaro ISHIJIMA (MRI), Kieran Stanley (UNIVBRIS), Luciana Vanni Gatti (INPE), Lynwill Martin (SAWS), Martin Steinbacher (Empa), Matthias Lindauer (DWD), ONO Etsuro (JMA), Ove Hermansen (NILU), Park Hyo-Jin (KMA), Paul Fraser (CSIRO), Paul Krummel (CSIRO), Pedro Rivas (AEMET), Ray F. Weiss (SIO), Ray Langenfelds (CSIRO), Ray Wang (EAS), Salvatore Piacentino (ENEA), Shinji Morimoto (TU), Simon O'Doherty (UNIVBRIS), Stephen A. Montzka (NOAA), Sylvia Nichol (NIWA), TAKATSUJI Shinya (JMA), Tatiana Di Iorio (ENEA), Thumeka Mkololo (SAWS), Xin Lan (NOAA), Yasunori TOHJIMA (NIES), Zoë Loh (CSIRO), WDCGG; All N2O data contributed to WDCGG by GAW stations and mobiles by 2024-09-24, https://doi.org/10.50849/WDCGG_N2O_ALL_2024 (Reference date*: 2024/10/16)
- Zaehle, S. and Friend, A. D.: Carbon and nitrogen cycle dynamics in the O-CN land surface model: 1. Model description, site-scale evaluation, and sensitivity to parameter estimates, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 24, GB1005, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GB003521, 2010.