1Q: First-Generation Wireless Systems Integrating Classical and Quantum Communication
Authors/Creators
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Popovski, Petar
(Researcher)1
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Stefanovic, Cedomir
(Researcher)1
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Soret, Beatriz
(Researcher)1
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Leyva-Mayorga, Israel
(Researcher)1
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Pandey, Shashi Raj
(Researcher)2
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Christensen, René Bødker
(Researcher)1
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Kaltoft Søndergaard, Jakob
(Researcher)1
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Jensen, Kristian Skafte
(Researcher)1
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Pedersen, Thomas
(Researcher)1
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CACCIAPUOTI, Angela Sara
(Researcher)3
- et al. Show all 11 authors
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Popovski, Petar
(Researcher)1
-
Stefanovic, Cedomir
(Researcher)1
-
Soret, Beatriz
(Researcher)1
-
Leyva-Mayorga, Israel
(Researcher)1
-
Pandey, Shashi Raj
(Researcher)2
-
Christensen, René Bødker
(Researcher)1
-
Kaltoft Søndergaard, Jakob
(Researcher)1
-
Jensen, Kristian Skafte
(Researcher)1
-
Pedersen, Thomas
(Researcher)1
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CACCIAPUOTI, Angela Sara
(Researcher)3
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Hanzo, Lajos
(Researcher)4
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1.
Aalborg University
- 2. Kyung Hee University - Global Campus
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3.
University of Naples Federico II
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4.
University of Southampton
Description
We introduce the concept of 1Q, the first wireless generation of integrated classical and quantum communication. 1Q features quantum base stations (QBSs) that support entanglement distribution via free-space optical (FSO) links alongside traditional radio communications. Key new components include quantum cells, quantum user equipment (QUE), and hybrid resource allocation spanning classical time–frequency and quantum entanglement domains. Several application scenarios are discussed and illustrated through system design requirements for quantum key distribution (QKD), blind quantum computing (BQC), and distributed quantum sensing. A range of unique quantum constraints are identified, including decoherence timing, fidelity requirements, and the interplay between quantum and classical error probabilities. Protocol adaptations extend cellular connection management to incorporate entanglement generation, distribution, and handover procedures, expanding the quantum Internet (QI) to cellular wireless.
Notes (English)
This record contains the Author Accepted Manuscript (AAM). The published version is available in 1Q: First-Generation Wireless Systems Integrating Classical and Quantum Communication at 10.1109/MVT.2025.3622826 under Open Access.
This work has been funded by the European Union under Horizon Europe ERC-CoG grant QNattyNet (“Quantum-Native Communication Networks: from Quantum Message to Quantum Functioning”), Grant Agreement No. 101169850.
Additional QNattyNet project information is available at https://qnattynet.quantuminternet.it and https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/101169850
Files
1Q.pdf
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Additional details
Related works
- Is variant form of
- Preprint: arXiv:2509.14731 (arXiv)
- Is version of
- Journal article: 10.1109/MVT.2025.3622826 (DOI)