Published February 12, 2026 | Version v1
Journal article Open

Towards Integrated Ecosystem Assessments: A literature review on linking ecosystem condition indicators to ecosystem services

  • 1. ROR icon Leibniz University Hannover
  • 2. ROR icon ETH Zurich
  • 3. ROR icon Universidad Rey Juan Carlos
  • 4. University of Trento
  • 5. Centre for Ecological Research, Vácrátót, Hungary
  • 6. ROR icon Norwegian Institute for Nature Research
  • 7. ROR icon Czech Academy of Sciences, Global Change Research Institute
  • 8. ROR icon Wageningen University & Research
  • 9. Foundation for Sustainable Development, Wageningen, Netherlands
  • 10. ROR icon Mykolas Romeris University
  • 11. University of Patras, Agrinio, Greece
  • 12. Wageningen University and Research
  • 13. ROR icon Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań
  • 14. Ecostack Innovations Limited, Paola, Malta
  • 15. Mykolas Romeris University, Vilnius, Lithuania
  • 16. ROR icon Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts
  • 17. Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts ZRC SAZU
  • 18. Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
  • 19. Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal

Description

Ecosystem services (ES) fundamentally depend on ecosystem condition (EC), yet many ES assessments still rely on land-cover proxies, risking biased assessment results as well as weak uptake, meaning limited application of results in decision-making contexts. This review provides a comprehensive overview of how EC indicators are used in ES assessments published between 2018 and 2022.

In total, 128 publications have been included in the review, from which 929 EC indicators with a direct or implicit link to one or more ES and 707 ES indicators have been documented. The recorded EC indicators were reclassified according to the Ecosystem Condition Typology (ECT) provided by the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting - Ecosystem Accounting (SEEA EA) and supplementary classes (ECT+). Our analysis identified a focus on terrestrial ecosystems, with under-representation of marine and less intensively managed ecosystems. Within the reclassified ECT and ECT+ indicators, chemical state EC indicators were prevalent, while landscape state and functional state metrics remained under-operationalised. Besides, the share of spatially explicit indicators was limited. Moreover, we found that a significant share of indicators, labelled as EC, were not EC indicators in the strict sense, but instead related to ecosystem extent, ES or stable environmental characteristics, leading to a conceptual blurring between condition, pressure, extent and service indicators. Analysing the link between EC and ES revealed that EC indicators were: (1) primarily quantitatively compared to ES or integrated into ES assessments and (2) most frequently linked to regulating ES. The reviewed literature showed a predominance of positive EC–ES relationships, confirming that ecosystems in better condition tend to support a higher supply of ES. In summary, our review identified progress towards integrated ES assessments, highlighted persistent gaps and stressed the importance of continued efforts to achieve the widespread implementation of EC-enabled ES assessments.

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Funding

European Commission
SELINA - Science for Evidence-based and sustainabLe decIsions about NAtural capital 101060415