"Balancing Work, Care, and Childhood Development: A Comprehensive Review of Behavioural Problems in Preschool Children of Employed and Unemployed Mothers"

Abstract: Preschool years represent a critical developmental period during which children acquire foundational emotional, social, and behavioral skills. Maternal employment status has long been debated as a significant determinant of early childhood behavioral outcomes. With increasing participation of women in the workforce globally, concerns have emerged regarding the impact of maternal employment on preschool children’s behavioral development, particularly in comparison to children of unemployed mothers. Behavioural problems in preschool children, such as aggression, hyperactivity, anxiety, withdrawal, and attention difficulties, can have lasting effects on academic performance, peer relationships, and mental health later in life. This review aims to critically analyze existing literature on behavioural problems among preschool children of employed and unemployed mothers, exploring contributing factors, theoretical perspectives, cultural influences, and the role of maternal well-being and caregiving practices. Evidence suggests that maternal employment alone does not determine behavioral outcomes; rather, factors such as quality of childcare, parenting style, maternal stress, socio-economic status, and work–family balance play crucial mediating roles. The review highlights the importance of supportive policies, early identification, and nursing and community-based interventions to promote positive behavioral development among preschool children regardless of maternal employment status.