Revisiting European social dialogue: A systematic literature review

This paper conducts a systematic literature review of the European Social Dialogue (ESD), a cornerstone of participatory governance within the EU. Despite this, it is a collective bargaining tool whose scope, objectives, functioning and impact are unclear due to the various definitions and a vague and fragmented regulatory framework, which gives rise to different interpretations. Thus, this study examines its definition, regulatory framework, key actors, negotiation structures, and outcomes. ESD facilitates collaboration between trade unions, employers, and EU institutions to shape labour policies and promote social cohesion. While the mechanism has evolved through milestones such as the Maastricht and Amsterdam Treaties, its scope and effectiveness are constrained by conceptual ambiguity, fragmented regulation, and a limited capacity to enforce agreements. The research identifies challenges related to actor representation, structural coordination, and the increasing reliance on non-binding agreements. It also highlights the potential of ESD to harmonise labour standards across member states through both soft governance and regulatory tools. Proposals for improvement include clarifying the legal framework and establishing a transparency and evaluation body to monitor its impact. These findings contribute to understanding ESD's role as an evolving governance mechanism, essential for fostering equitable and adaptable labour relations in the EU.