Regional climate imprints of recent historical changes in anthropogenic Near Term Climate Forcers

Near-Term Climate Forcers (NTCFs) play a crucial role in shaping Earth's climate, yet their effects are often overshadowed by long-lived greenhouse gases (GHGs) when addressing climate variability. This study explores the climatic impact of elevated non-methane NTCF concentrations from 1950 to 2014 using CMIP6-AerChemMIP simulations. We analyse data from four Earth System Models with interactive tropospheric chemistry and aerosol schemes, leveraging a twelve-member ensemble to ensure statistical robustness. Unlike single-species or idealised radiative forcing studies, our approach captures the combined effects of co-emitted NTCF species. Our results show that the negative radiative forcing of aerosols dominates the overall NTCF impact, offsetting the warming effects of absorbing aerosols and tropospheric ozone. Multi-model mean analyses reveal three key regional climate responses: (1) a global cooling, amplified in the Arctic, where autumn temperatures decrease by up to 5 °C, (2) a 38 % increase in Labrador Sea ocean convection, and (3) changes in tropical precipitation, including a 0.6° southward displacement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). This research addresses the mechanisms driving these climatic changes and underscores the importance of incorporating interactive NTCFs in climate projections. As inferred from their historical impact, future NTCF reductions could amplify regional responses to increasing GHG concentrations, thus requiring more ambitious mitigation strategies.