Microbial Spore-Based Biocatalysts: Properties, Applications and New Trends

This publication was produced within the framework of the TwInn4MicroUp project and addresses recent advances in spore-based biocatalysis as a sustainable alternative to conventional enzyme immobilization strategies. The review highlights microbial spores as robust, multifunctional platforms that enable high enzyme loading, enhanced thermal and chemical stability, and repeated reuse under industrially relevant conditions. The work covers both naturally active spores and engineered microbial systems capable of in situ enzyme immobilization, emphasizing their environmental and operational advantages. In addition, emerging applications such as artificial spores, biocomposite materials, and biosensor integration are discussed, illustrating the transition from fundamental research toward scalable industrial solutions.