Digital land-use decision support tools in Europe: a systematic review using the PRISMA method

Decision-making for sustainable land use transformations is a key driver of society's future development, particularly in addressing complex threats posed by climate change and biodiversity loss. Digital tools represent promising technologies that can support decision-makers in facing these challenges. However, existing literature reveals a gap in studies exploring digital tools within the land-use decision framework. The present study uses the PRISMA methodology to systematically review digital tools in Europe. As a result, 48 digital tools were identified and analysed regarding their functionalities, limitations, and adoption factors. The findings highlight the prevalence of spatially explicit outputs and key functions such as interaction and visualization, scenario modelling, and stakeholder engagement. Despite their potential, challenges remain, including barriers to accessibility, the need to enhance trust in tool outputs, and an overall lack of digital literacy that could further promote the adoption of these tools. This study thus provides co-development recommendations gathered from interviews with five tool developers and systematic review analysis. By addressing the identified barriers and fostering digital literacy, digital tools can provide valuable contributions in supporting sustainable land use decisions, bridging the gap between data-driven insights and real-world complexity.