A low complexity physics-based aging model for lithium ion cells with solid electrolyte interphase and lithium plating side-reactions

In this paper, we extend our previously presented lithium ion battery model to include electrochemical aging dynamics, considering both calendaric and cyclic aging  ehavior. Accordingly, the Equivalent Hydraulic Model (EHM) is augmented with side reactions for Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) growth and lithium plating. The model is validated against experimental results, showing a level of agreement that allows us to evaluate the effect of various charging and cooling strategies under realworld duty cycles. A case study concerning a battery electric passenger vehicle that operates under changing seasonal
conditions illustrates the advantages of using such a model. Results show that the vehicle thermal management and the recharge strategy play a critical role in ensuring a long and safe operational life. In particular, and in agreement with the existing literature, more frequent charges that maintain a lower average state of charge, together with a lithium plating conscious thermal management, significantly extend battery lifetime.