Caste and Crime in India: The Influence of Social Hierarchy on Justice

Abstract: This paper explores the role of caste in shaping the Indian criminal justice system, focusing on how social hierarchies continue to influence legal processes and outcomes. Caste-based discrimination is still present within law enforcement and judicial procedures and sentencing, often affecting Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (SCs and STs)- despite constitutional guarantees of equality. Based on historical and contemporary evidence, the study illustrates how caste prejudices persist, which leads to systemic inequalities and unequal treatment of marginalized communities within the justice system. The paper critically examines existing legal frameworks, such as anti-discrimination laws, and identifies gaps in enforcement that perpetuate caste-based injustices. The research draws attention to the social and psychological burden that caste-based discrimination puts on those participating in the criminal justice process, especially those of lower castes. In addressing these issues, the paper proposes practical reforms to dismantle caste-based discrimination within the criminal justice system. These would include caste sensitivity training for police and judges, strengthening legal protection against caste discrimination, and improved access to justice for marginalized communities. Ultimately, it aims to ensure that individuals of all castes receive equal and fair treatment within the Indian criminal justice system.