COVID-19 preparedness and response: shortcomings and opportunities. An initial analysis for EU policymakers.

This report presents an early evaluation of pandemic preparedness and response at both national and EU levels, carried out under the EU-funded PAIR project. Focusing on Denmark, France, Latvia, Italy, and Spain, it combines desk research, data analysis, and structured interviews with senior policymakers to assess strategies, outcomes, challenges, and good practices, complemented by cross-country comparisons. The analysis highlights persistent shortcomings in coordination, resource allocation, and governance, while noting progress such as the European Health Union, joint vaccine procurement, and strengthened EU financial commitments. It also reflects on the “One Health” approach and the EU’s role in shaping the WHO pandemic treaty. Lastly, the report proposes recommendations for EU policymakers and outlines the benefits of integrating PAIR’s tools – PANPOC and PANRISK – to strengthen evidence-based decision-making and future pandemic preparedness.