The Fightback of Corruption: A Key Driver of Systemic Corruption in Africa

While extensive scholarship has examined corruption as a barrier to development, less attention has been given to how entrenched elites and institutions actively resist, adapt to, or subvert anti-corruption initiatives in Africa. Through a mixed methodological approach with emphasis on case studies, literature reviews, document analysis, or content analysis, which also incorporates quantitative perception data, this study interrogates the phenomenon of the fightback of corruption as a critical driver of systemic corruption in Africa. The theoretical framework, namely political settlements theory, principal-agent-client theory, and collective action theory, significantly validates the findings of the study. Cataloging selected cases or incidents of how corruption fights back against anti-corruption measures or initiatives, this article has provided empirical evidence that serves as an eye-opener for policymakers. The findings (selected cases/incidents) reveal an urgent necessity for a paradigm shift in the ongoing struggle against corruption in Africa. Conclusively, it argues that this shift, which hinges on the genuine commitment of African governments, must transcend the superficial implementation of anti-corruption policies or strategies. It recommends that the fight against corruption should focus on a robust framework that not only safeguards but also champions the rights and protections of anti-corruption campaigners, whistleblowers, activists, and advocates, who often operate under the shadow of peril.